დასაქმება, სოციალური უსაფრთხოება და პიროვნული კავშირები პოსტსაბჭოთა ქვეყნებში საქართველოს მაგალითი

evelin baumani1

postsabWoTa qveynebSi ganxorcielebulma reformebma,

romelic mowodebuli iyo imisaTvis, raTa gardaeqmnaT

gegmuri ekonomika neo-liberalurad, gamoiwvies Rrma

cvlilebebi Sromis bazarze. sabWoTa reJimis dros mosaxleobis

udidesi umravlesobisTvis, dasaqmebis garantiam,

romelic aRiqmeboda rogorc ufleba, da romelic

gulisxmobda, agreTve, usafrTxoebas iseTi cxovrebiseuli

ubedurebisas, rogoricaa avadmyofoba, Sromis uunaroba,

siqvrive, da a.S., adgili dauTmo statusuri mdgomareobis

simyifes, gaRaribebas da socialur gariyvas.

saqarTvelo, romelzec aq iqneba laparaki, Doing business

saagentos klasifikaciis mixedviT ganTavsebulia iseTi

`samagaliTo~ qveynebis rigSi, romlebsac aqvT gansakuTrebiT

moqnili kanonmdebloba dasaqmebis sferoSi, kanonmdebloba,

romelic miCneulia mimzidvelad biznesis xelmZRvanelebisTvis

da xelSemwyobad samuSao adgilebis

SeqmnisTvis. magram neo-liberaluri reformebi aferxeben

amas. mSromelTa Zalian mcire nawils aqvs samuSao,

romelic SedarebiT myaria da regularuli xelfasis

momcemi. yvela danarCeni cxovrobs SemTxveviTi dasaqmebiT

da es samsaxuri didwilad arastabiluria. 2006 wels

daaxloebiT aTidan oTxi qarTveli iTvleboda Raribad

im gansazRvrebiT, romelic miRebulia politikuri wreebis

mier.2 solidaroba da gadanawileba (redistribucia),

romelsac saxelmwifo axorcielebs minimaluria, socialuri

daxmareba miecema martooden sruliad usaxsroebs.

imisTvis, rom moxdes Rirseuli cxovrebis donis

uzrunvelyofa dRevandel saqarTveloSi, xSirad gamoiyeneba

iseTive tipis midgomebi, romlebic gamarTlebuli

iyo sabWoTa reJimSi. magram kidev ufro metad, vidre warsulSi,

centralur rols aqtorTa strategiebSi Tama-

Soben pirovnuli kavSirebi.

1. dasaqmeba ekonomikuri da socialuri

transformaciis periodSi

sabWoTa kavSirSi dasaqmebis sferos koordinacia xorcieldeboda,

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, imgvaradve,

rogorc kapitalistur ekonomikebSi (Simon 1999). miuxedaved

mTavrobis mcdelobisa daegegmaT Sromis anazRaureba,

mSromelebi met-naklebad Tavisufalni iyvnen im

mxriv, rom SeeZloT samsaxuris Secvla, xolo rac Seexeba

damqiraveblebs, maT Tavisuflad SeeZloT amoerCiaT

is mosamsaxure, romelic sWirdebodaT. miuxedavad mcire

anazRaurebisa, Sroma iyo socialuri da ekonomikuri

CarTulobis ZiriTadi saSualeba da garda amisa, samuSao

adgilze xdeboda swored socialuri identurobis Camoyalibeba.

asrulebdnen ra aRiarebul socialur rols,

sawarmoebi monawileobdnen erTmaneTTan SejibrebaSi da

amiT izidavdnen da erTgulebis grZnobas unergavdnen

mSromelebs materialuri upiratesobebis miniWebisa, Tu

simboluri waxalisebis gziT. aqedan gamomdinare, dasaqmebis

mobiluroba iyo Zalian msgavsi imisa, rac odesRac

arsebobda evropul qveynebSi. magram miuxedavad amisa

`Sromis bazari~ xasiaTdeba Tavisi institutebis sisustiT.

postsabWoTa periodSi maregulirebeli institutebis

Seqmna, amdenad, warmoadgens uprecedento gamowvevas,

romelic principuli formiT wamoiWreba gadawyvetilebis

mimRebTa winaSe.

standartuli ekonomikuri Teoria didi xnis manZilze

amtkicebda, rom neo-liberaluri ekonomikis SemoRebis

gamo, resursebis axali ganTavseba aisaxeba pirvel xanebSi

dasaqmebis Semcirebaze, rasac Tan axlavs umuSevrobis

zrda, ris gamoc xdeba TviTdasaqmeba muSaxelisa axlad

gaxsnili kerZo sawarmoebis meSveobiT. am procesSi reformebis

gatarebis siswrafe, iseve rogorc fiskaluri

zewola, romelsac ganicdis es warmoeba, gadamwyvet rols

asrulebs (Aghien et Blanchard 1994, Andreff 2003). aRmoCnda,

rom samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ZiriTadad rCeba imedad:

dsT-s umravles qveynebSi srulebiT ar xdeba “registrirebuli~

samuSao adgilebis zrda da gardamavali drois

umuSevrobam3 mudmivi xasiaTi miiRo, da gagrZelda

ekonomikis aRdgenis Semdegac, Tundac es zrda umniSvnelo

iyos. am umuSevrobas aqvs `damdgari wylis~ yvela

Tviseba (Boeri 2001). umuSevrobis gansakuTrebiT mkacri

gansazRvreba, rimelic miRebulia saqarTveloSi4 cxadad

avlens am fenomenis endemur xasiaTs. samagierod `araformaluri

ekonomika~5 izrdeba, ekonomika, romelic aris

`unregulated by institustions of society, in a legal and social environment

where similar activities are regulated~ (ar regulirdeba

sazogadoebrivi institutebiT, iseT samarTlebriv da

socialur garemoSi sadac msgavsi aqtivobebi regulirebadia)

(Portes et al. 1991:12). es aspeqti, romelic ZiriTadia

Sromis samyaroSi, arasakmarisad aris Sefasebuli

`klasilur~ ekonomikur modelebSi (Bouev 2004).

mcire savaWro aqtivobebi – (swored aseTi saqmianoba

igulisxmeba, rodesac sakiTxi exeba araformalur

ekonomikas) Seexeba ZiriTadad araregistrirebul mikrosawarmoebs,

romlebic gaurbian nebismier normebs da movaleobebs,

gansakuTrebiT fiskalur sferoSi. saqarTveloSi

es exeba eqvs - Svid sameurneo aqtivobas aTidan,

sulerTia, iqneba es komercia, momsaxureba, saxelosno

warmoeba, Tu soflis meurneoba. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

48% aris soflis mosaxleoba. mcire sasoflosameurneo

meurneobebi iqcevian erTgvar TavSesafrad ara

mxolod imaTTvis, vinc gamovida kolmeurneobebidan uSualod

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis damyarebisTanave

1991 wels, rodesac TiToeul glexs sakuTrebaSi mieca

1,25 heqtaris odenobis miwis nakveTi (sumbaZe 2003), aramed

es gaxda erTgvari gadawyveta problemisa yofili ma-

Raroebis muSebisTvis da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad

dangreuli samrewvelo kompleqsebis TanamSromlebisTvis.

saqme exeba arsebiTad TviTgadarCenis sasoflo

meurneobas, risi wyalobiTac xdeba ojaxis sasursaTo

racionis Sevseba, maSin roca ZiriTadi fuladi Semosavlebis

miReba xdeba ara sasoflo-sameurneo aqtivobiT

(Bezemer & Davis 2003). mTlianobaSi am meurneobebis udidesi

umravlesoba warmoadgens ufro metad TviTgadarCenisken

mimarTul aqtivobas, vidre samewarmeos, Tu Sumpeteris

midgomas davesesxebiT. amdenad, rogorc Cans, Secdoma

iqneboda droSi mis momaval ganviTarebaze saubari,

miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT naklebad damaimedebel

ekonomikur da politikur konteqstebs. aqve aRsaniSnavia,

rom SedarebiT didi sawarmoebic xSirad funqcionireben

legalurobis zRvarze, anu ise, rom ara aqvT gancxadebuli

Tavis saqmianobasa da personalze. sarwmuno monacemebis

mixedviT, araformalurma ekonomikam miaRwia

sarekordo maCvenebels – Sida erovnuli produqtis 67%-

s (Schneider 2002), da am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo uaxlovdeba

laTinuri amerikis zogierT qveyanas.

arsebobs mTeli rigi saqmianobebi, romlebic, garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, fasdeba rogorc umuSevroba.

ekonomikuri mecniereba Cveulebriv acxadebs, rom

ekonomikuri zrdis konteqstSi, TandaTanobiT es saqmianobebi

gardaiqmneba sawarmoebad, moxdeba maTi registracia

da amis Semdeg isini Seasruleben Tavis movaleobebs

kanonis Sesabamisad. Tumca, amasTan, sxva qveynebis

gamocdileba, romlebic `klasikurad~ ~samxreTis~ qveynebad

miiCneva, didwilad ewinaaRmdegeba aseTi evoluciis

kvazi-avtomaturobis ideas (Lautier 1994). sinamdvileSi,

araformaluri praqtika narCundeba da araregistrirebuli

mcire sawarmoebi kvlav ganagrZoben Zvelebur arsebobas

ekonomikuri zrdis periodSic. iReben ra Tavisuflebas

gansazRvrul movaleobebTan erTad, rac gulisxmobs sagadasaxado normebis, SromiTi kanonmdeblobis,

usafrTxoebis da xarisxis normebis dacvas, amave dros

mcire mewarmeebi upirveles yovlisa cdiloben `Tavi gadairCinon~,

SeinarCunon konkurentunarianoba da, Sesa-

Zleblobisdagvarad, CaerTon martooden ekonomikuri

akumulaciis (dagrovebis) martiv procesSi. amisaTvis

isini moqmedeben legaluribis zRvarze, amarTleben ra

Tavis qcevas gegmuri ekonomikis droindeli principebiT.

(Shlapentokh 1989), oRond ukeTeben amas sxva interpretacias,

imisda mixedviT, rogoria axali konteqsti. Tavis

mxriv, warmoadgenen ra Tavs, rogorc araregistrirebuli

mikro-erTeulebi, sawarmoebs, romlebic gaxsnilia

quCaSi, SeuZliaT Seamciron Tavisi produqciis Rirebuleba.

miecema ra gansazRvreba da ganirCeva ra formaluri

tipis sawarmoebi patara erTeulebisgan, romlebic yidian

produqcias, sazRvrebi formalurad wodebul ekonomikasa

da araformalurad wodebul ekonomikas Soris qreba,

Tumca es sazRvrebi ganixileba zogierT naSromSi,

raTa ufro moxerxebuli iyos analizi; es fenomeni

sazRvrebis gaqrobisa agreTve cnobilia sxva ekonomikur

konteqstebSi.

rac Seexeba mmarTvelebs, isini amravleben iniciativebs,

raTa qveyana uzrunvelyon kanonmdeblobiT, romelic

gulisxmobs sabazro ekonomikis normebs. es mcdeloba miT

ufro legitimuria, rom vardebis revoluciis Semdeg

(noemberi, 2003), saqarTvelo uSualod SeuerTda evropis

samezoblo politikas (ENP). am politikis Tanaxmad,

unda Seiqmnas evrokavSiris mezobel qveynebSi erTgvarovani

ekonomikuri sivrce, sadac daculi iqneba sabazro

ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli normebi. rasakvirvelia,

pasuxismgebeli pirebi briuselSi am qveynebis mimarT

gamsWvalulni arian garkveulwilad, humanuri

grZnobebiT, magram kargi iqneba da legitimuric, rom isini

dainteresdnen im SesaZlo SedegebiTac, romelsac iwvevs

evrokavSiris teritoriaze arsebuli am wesebis damkvidreba

im mosazRvre qveynebSi, sadac daucvelobis metis-metad maRali donea. rac Seexeba kerZod Sromis sferos,

legitimuria agreTve isini dainteresdnen aseTi gadatanis

ukuefeqtiT evropisTvis, rodesac mis garSemo arsebul

qveynebSi iseTi Sromis pirobebia, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian

aranair regulirebas.

amgvarad, moxda ise, rom ultra-liberaluri Sromis

kodeqsi miRebul iqna 2006 wels (Antadze 2007a, International

Center for Human Developmant et al. 2006), riTac Tbilisma

saerTaSoriso saagentoebis mowoneba daimsaxura.6 amave

dros paradoqsulia, rom, aniWebs ra yvelaze did upiratesobas

Sromis uflebebis usafrTxoebas, kanoni asaxavs

mxolod iseTi tipis zomebs, romlebic naklebad emsaxureba

mSromelTa yvelaze elementaruli uflebebis

uzrunvelyofas, rogoricaa magaliTad, SesaZlebloba

kontraqtis Sedgenisa samsaxurze zepiri molaparakebis

Sedegad. (Tavi 2. muxli 6). warmoadgens ra integrirebul

nawils im aqtiuri sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisa, romelic

xorcieldeba vardebis revoluciis Semdgom, es Sromis

kodeqsi Zalian cota xania, rac arsebobs, amitom Cven ar

SegviZlia winaswar davgmoT misi moqmedebis SesaZlo Sedegi

ekonomikisTvis, Tumca cxadia rom mTlianobaSi is metad

mkacria.7 samarTliania iTqvas, agreTve, rom Sromis kodeqsis

garda, dasaqmebis politikac akeTebs metad cotas,

raTa masze vilaparakoT. Sromis inspeqcia TiTqmis aRar

arsebobs, da Sromis, jandacvisa da socialur sakiTxTa

saministroSi TanamSromelTa raodenoba, romelTac evaleba

sakuTriv Sromis sakiTxebi, Tavmoyrilia erT xel-

Si.8 Tu SevajamebT dawvrilebiT zomebs samuSao adgilebis

SeqmnisTvis, zomebs, romelTa dakanoneba moxda adgilobrivi

arCevnebis win 2006 wlis mesame kvartalSi, Cven

ver visaubrebT dasaqmebis namdvil politikaze, sakuTari

operacionaluri institutebiT, Tavisi prioritetebiTa

da Tavisi kalendriT.

2. `socialisturi usafrTxoebis kvaldakval~...

evolucia, romelic gaiara Sromis sferom postsab-

WoTa qveynebSi ai ukve TxuTmet welze metia, xasiaTdeba

upirveles yovlisa SromiTi Semosavlebis SemWidrovebiT

– saSualo Tviuri xelfasi aRwevs daaxloebiT 200 lars,

TiTqmis 90ˆ _ da metismetad arasaimedo statusiT. ase-

Ti viTarebis gadasalaxavad qarTvelebi ara marto iZulebulni

gaxdnen SeeqmnaT TavisTvis dasaqmebis adgilebi,

saqmianobis sfero, sadac mikorfinansireba SeiZleba

aRwevdes dasaxul mizans, aramed Tavad izrunon Tavis socialur

dacvazec. Cven davinaxavT ufro mogvianebiT, rom

imisTvis rom upasuxon am ormag moTxovnas, isini axdenen

Tavisi pirovnuli kavSirebis mobilizacias.

sabWoTa reJimis dros socialuri dacva lato sensu,

uzrunvelyofili dagegmarebis procesebiT (Andrews &

Ringold 1999), ganicdeboda rogorc ufleba. Teoriulad

TiToeuli moqalaqe rogorc minimum, sargeblobda erTi

mxriv, erTgvari materialuri usafrTxoebiT dasaqmebis

wyalobiT, da meore mxriv, mas uzrunvelyofili hqonda

jandacva, pensia da daxmarebebi Sromis uunarobis SemTxvevaSi.

amgvarad, usafrTxoebis qseli mimarTuli iyo martooden

specifiur jgufebze, rogoricaa magaliTad,

ojaxebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSia xeibrebi, omis veteranebi

da a.S. sxva sityvebiT, riski iyo Semcirebuli da

Senelebuli garantirebuli dasaqmebis politikisa da

sagangebo daxmarebebis wyalobiT, romlebic eZleoda adamianebs

Sromis uunarobis SemTxvevaSi. ramdenadac xelisufleba

ZiriTadad misdevda politikas, rodesac

gadawyvetilebebi miiReba ex ante, ar xdeboda riskebis

prevenciis saxelmwifo strategiis SemuSaveba. Teoriulad

ojaxebs miT ufro naklebad SeeZloT siRaribeSi

Cavardniliyvnen, rom fasebi kvebis produqtebze, sawvavze,

iseve rogorc binis qira didwilad anazRaurebuli iyo

saxelmwifos mier. metic, yvela da TiToeuli cdilobda

gaqceoda Raribis statuss, rac garkveul daRs asvams adamians: sruli dasaqmebis politikis maRal dafasebas

Tan sdevda asimilireba specifiur `socialur SemTxvebTan~

im adamianebisa, visac ar SeeZlo muSaoba.

amgvari politika iwvevda fasebis Seusabamobas, rac

ewinaaRmdegeboda sabazro ekonomikas, romelic aRiarebul

iqna xelisuflebaSi mosuli adamianebis mier

damoukideblobis miRebis meore dResve. marTlac, im momentSi,

rodesac administrirebuli ekonomika iZulebiT

daingra, aradamakmayofilebeli fuladi uzrunvelyofa,

rac gamoixateboda maT Soris arasakmaris dasaqmebaSi,

xdeboda sul ufro da ufro TvalsaCino, rac iwvevda

muSaxelis nebayoflobiT gadenas, da gansakuTrebiT samuSaodan

daTxovnis talRebs. arsebobda ra Zlierad

gamoxatuli kavSiri dasaqmebas, socialur dacvas da

socialur CarTulobas Soris, samsaxuris dakargva

damoukideblobis meore dRes gaxda miT ufro mZime da

hqonda imdenad mZime Sedegebi, rom mSromelebi arc materialurad

da arc fsiqologiurad mzad ar iyvnen

amisTvis. faqtobrivad saqme exeboda gadasvlas SedarebiT

egalitaruli (Tanaswori) sistemidan – rac,

rasakvirvelia srulebiTac ar gamoricxavda privilegiebs,

romelic miniWebuli hqonda mosaxleobis zogierT

kategorias _ sistemidan, romelic xasiaTdeboda qalTa

aqtivobis maRali xarisxiT da cxovrebis gansazRvruli

doniT, romelic saboloo jamSi, rasakvirvelia, sakmaod

mokrZalebulic iyo, iseT sistemaze, sadac Zalian maRalia

riskis SesaZlebloba: riski avadmyofobisa da Sromis

uunarobisa, riski samuSaos dakargvisa da umuSevrobis,

riski imisa, rom ojaxma dakargos finansuri daxmareba

da a.S. meore mxriv _ da, ueWvelia, swored amaSi

mdgomareobs gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli simZime _

sabazro ekonomikaSi samsaxuris dakargva xSirad tolfasia

socialuri statusis dakargvis, metic, tolfasia

socialuri gariyulobis riskisa. aseTi viTareba daatyda

Tavs gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc Seadgens nomenklaturis nawils, magaliTad mkvlevarebs, maRal funqcionerebs (Cinovnikebs),

samxedroebs.

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi, saqarTvelos

erovnuli mrewveloba daingra _ zogierTi wyaros

mixedviT, 75%-iT, Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es

procenti gadaWarbebulia9 _ inflacia yovelTviurad

Seadgenda 60%-s, xelfasebi gaicemoda ramdenime Tvis

dagvianebiT da amave dros samoqalaqo ommac moaxdina

qveynis destabilizacia. swored am pirobebSi SemoRebul

iqna erTgvari daxmarebebi, romelTac ZiriTadad hqondaT

simboluri Rirebuleba. Soks, romelic dakavSirebuli

iyo `klasikuri~ dacvis sistemis danergvasTan, daemata

riskebi, romelic aucileblobiT Tan sdevs sabazro

ekonomikas, sadac individebs ZiriTadad eZlevaT imdeni,

ramdensac isini awarmoeben. swored am droidan

saqarTvelom iwvnia Ratak momuSaveTa fenomeni (working

poor), saidanac wamovida siRaribesTan brZolis ramdenime

politikis SemuSaveba, rac socialuri politikis centraluri

sayrdenia.

3. ... individis pasuxismgeblurobis zrdis mcdeloba

politika, romelic iwarmoeba socialuri dacvis sferoSi

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisidan, da romelic

mowodebulia Seamciros socialuri daucveloba, Sei-

Zleba ase SevajamoT10: jandacvis struqturebis gajansaReba,

medicinis liberalizacia da samedicino daxmarebis

dafinansebaze gadasvla, inicireba nebayoflobiTi

dazRvevisa da pensiis kapitalizaciis (dagroviTi) formulebisa,

daxmareba saxelmwifos mxridan yvelaze umweoebisTvis.

maSin roca aseT konteqstSi swored individma

unda daicvas Tavi cxovrebiseuli SemTxveviTobebisgan,

socialuri uzrunvelyofa TandaTanobiT gadaiqceva erTgvarad

erovnuli solidarobis gamovlinebad da naklebad

aris ganxiluli, rogorc ufleba. Rebusazogadod

miRebulia, rom damoukideblobamde jandacvis

momsaxureba saqarTveloSi iyo saukeTeso xarisxis,

ukeTesi, vidre sxvagan sabWoTa kavSirSi (lomaSvili 2003).

magram rogorc sxva post-sabWoTa qveynebSi, socialuri

usafrTxoebis Zveli modeli ar aRmoCnda misaRebi neoliberalur

konteqstSi, da upirveles yovlisa, sistemuri

rigis mizezebis gamo. damoukideblobis miRebisTanave

da Semdgom uaxloes periodSi, jandacvis samsaxurebma

iwvnies ekonomikis dangrevis da samoqalaqo omis Sedegebis

mTeli simware. devnilebi Sefarebul iyvnen saavadmyofoebSi,

romlebSic isini ikavebdnen Senobis daaxloebiT

90%-s. es pirobebi, iseve rogorc saxalxo resursebis

mkveTri Semcireba, rac dakavSirebulia samoqalaqo omTan,

da kidev ufro metad, erovnuli ekonomikis ngrevasTan,

rac gamowveuli iyo tradiciuli bazrebis dakargviT, unda

misuliyo Zveli sistemis daSlasTan.!! janmrTelobis indikatorebze

es viTareba gansakuTrebiT dramatulad

aisaxa. gadawyvetilebis mimRebebma, gansazRvres ra

ekonomikuri politika rogorc prioritetuli, janmrTelobaze

zrunva sul ufro da ufro damokidebuli gaxades

gadaxdaze, rasac Sedegad mohyva moTxovnis dacemac.

Sedegebi naTlad Tavs iCenden jandacvis sferoSi, da es

sul ufro cxadi xdeboda. miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba

samedicino personalis Semcirebis Taobaze12. magram es

zomebi unda Sejaxebodnen upirveles yovlisa im did

prestiJs, riTac sargeblobda qarTvel sazogadoebaSi

eqimis profesia. amis gamo Semdeg moxda ise, rom Sromis

bazarze masobrivad gamovidnen jandacvis axalgazrda

profesionalebi, romelTa momravleba dakavSirebuli iyo

mTeli rigi mravalricxovani kerZo saswavlo institutebis

gaxsnasTan rac iyo Sedegi imisa, rom moxda ganaTlebis

liberalizacia13. da bolos, klientelizmi ar aZlevda

saSualebas politikur wreebs mieRoT metismetad mkacri

zomebi am socio-profesiuli kategoriis mimarT,

romelic Seadgenda qveynis elitas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Zalian mwir momsaxurebas, romelic

amieridan xorcieldeboda saxelmwifo struqturebis

mier, mosaxleoba sul ufro metad mimarTavda kerZo medicinas14.

dRes-dReobiT, iTvleba, rom saqarTveloSi

samedicino momsaxurebis 80% xorcieldeba kerZo seqtor-

Si da am momsaxurebis gadaxdas awarmoeben uSualod pacientebi.

daxmarebebi, romlebic a priori ufasos xdis mkurnalobas,

riTac sargebloben zogierTi gansakuTrebiT

mZimed daavadebuli adamianebi, xdeba sakamaTo, ramdenadac

Sesabamisi gankargulebebi (reglamentaciebi) aris

Zalian bundovani, maT Soris xSirad TviT jandacvis profesionalebisTvis,

da amdenad qarTvelebi savsebiT `normalurad~

miiCneven, rom gadaxda moxdes pirdapir maT

mkurnal personalTan. (Belli et al. 2002).

sadazRvevo sistema sul axlaxan Tu dgams pirvel

nabijebs. marTlac, 2004 w. saqarTvelos mTavrobam xmis

misacemad gamoitana ramdenime kanoni am mimarTulebiT,

magram es kanonebi ukan iqna gamoZaxebuli. amdenad aRmoCnda,

rom wlebis manZilze sadazRvevo sistemis damkvidrebaze

zrunva atarebda SemTxveviT xasiaTs16: am viTarebas

Tu uSlida rame, es pirvel rigSi iyo finansuri sa-

Sualebebis nakleboba da, gansakuTrebiT, politikuri

nebis simtkice ar miRebuliyo iseTi zomebi, romlebic

SeiZleba Sejaxebodnen mwvave ukmayofilebas mosaxleobis

mxridan. amisda miuxedavad, socialuri usafrTxoebis

sferoSi gamocdileba grovdeba. es gamocdileba xels

uwyobs mSromelTa profkavSirebis Seqmnas, romlebic

xels Seuwyoben nebayoflobiTi dazRvevis msurvelebs ker-

Zo holdingebis gziT. es gamocdileba mimarTulia agreTve

mTel rig sasoflo erTobebze (kavSirebze), gamgeobebze,

da mxardaWerilia USAID-is mier. dabolos, zogierTi

mikrofinansuri instituti ukve cdilobs daaarsos mikrodazRveva

arsebul qonebaze dayrdnobiT (Matul 2005).

Tanxis problemebi dgeba gansakuTrebiT pensiebis sferoSi.

2006 wels 950000 qarTveli, rac metia, vidre

mosaxleobis mexuTedi, da es tendencia matulobs, Rebulobda pensiebs, romelTa 58% warmoadgens pensias xandazmulobis

gamo. xandazmulobis pensia dabalia: 38 lari

(daaxloebiT 17ˆ), rac sxvanairad SeiZleba warmovadginoT

rogorc saSualo xelfasis 13%. pensionerTa mesamedi,

romelsac exeba zemoTqmuli, cxovrobs ukidures siRaribeSi.

garda amisa, didia iseT adamianTa ricxvi, vinc

miaRwia ra sapensio asaks, kvlav ganagrZobs aqtivobas,

raTa moipovos raime Semosavali. mTels mosaxleobaSi,

romelic dasaqmebulia, 16%-s Seadgenen adamianebi, romlebmac

miaRwies sapensio asaks (GEPLAC 2006). Tu gavixsenebT,

rom sabWoTa dros pensiaze gasvlisas xandazmulobis

pensia Seesabameboda gansazRvrul odenobas _ anu

imis gauTvaliswineblad, Tu ramden xans grZeldeboda

adamianis profesiuli saqmianoba da rogori iyo misi

xelfasi _ amdenad Tanamedrove pensiebi savsebiT Seesabameba

wina reJimis egalitarul xedvas. Zalian frTxilad

xdeba karis gamoReba profesiuli karieris xangr-

Zlivobis gasaTvaliswineblad, magram am mcdelobebs adgili

aqvs martooden dedaqalaqis pensionerebis mimarT.

magram mTlianobaSi, xandazmulobis pensiebi kvlav rCeba

normirebuli da amiT winaaRmdegobaSi modis neo-liberalur

ekonomikur sistemasTan, romelic efuZneba meritokratiis

principebs. maSasadame, amJamad, saxelmwifo,

rogorc Cans, uars ambobs sapensio sistemis nebismier

siRrmiseul reformaze, reformaze, romelic gaxdeboda

meti, vidre marto socialuri reforma da Seexeboda TviT

socialur saxelmwifo struqturebs.

normirebuli iyo agreTve umuSevrobis daxmareba,

romelic moixsna 2006 wlis ivnisSi. amJamad sxva kategoria

ganagrZobs normirebuli daxmarebiT sargeblobas,

esenia devnilebi, romlebic Seadgenen qveynis mosaxleobis

meaTeds. miuxedavad amisa, TandaTanobiT qarTuli saxelmwifo

scildeba specifiuri kategoriebis moxazvas,

da upiratesobas aniWebs siRaribis gansazRvras individualur

doneze siRaribis donis mixedviT – arsebobs sami

done, romelTa Tavidan gansazRvra sistematurad xdeba saxelmwifos resursebisda mixedviT _ individebi sargebloben

ufaso samedicino momsaxurebiT, SeRavaTiani

sawvaviT, fuladi daxmarebebiT.

saxelmwifo daxmarebebi Seadgens, Tu samarTliani

viqnebiT, metad mcire namats saojaxo biujetisTvis da,

amave dros, TandaTanobiT izrdeba stigmatizirebuli ganwyobebis

ganmtkiceba RaribTa mimarT17. imisTvis, rom

moxdes gaRatakebis riskis da socialuri gariyulobis

acileba, metic, imisTvis rom ebrZolon siRaribes,

qarTvelebi iSvelieben Zalian uxvad Tavis didsulovnebas,

Tanacxovroben ramdenime TaobiT erT binaSi, romelic

`gadaurCa~ sabWoTa epoqas, maT agreTve SeuZliaT sasargeblo

kavSirebis ganmtkiceba da xazgasasmelia, rom aseTi

kavSirebis Seqmna maT xelewifebaT mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis

manZilze.

4. `paraleluri ekonomikidan~ `araformaluri

ekonomikisken~

qarTuli ekonomikis dangreva da masobrivi gaTavisufleba

samsaxuridan damoukideblobis miRebisTanave ai-

Zula mosaxleoba miemarTa savaWro aqtivobisken, raTa

gadarCeniliyo upirveles yovlisa samoqalaqo omis wleb-

Si (1991 - 1995) da Semdeg, raTa SeenarCunebinaT cxovrebis

gansazRvruli done. momxmareblebs, rasakvirvelia, sTavazobdnen

dabali xarisxis produqcias, magram es produqcia

misawvdomi iyo SezRuduli msyidvelobiTunarianobis

mqone xalxisTvis. mcire mewarmeoba waxalisebul iqna

institucionaluri reformebis garkveuli mcdelobebiT,

rogoric iyo Crdilovani ekonomikis legalizaciis departamentis

Seqmna ekonomikis saministrosTan, da politikuri

diskursis meSveobiT, romelic qadagebda sawarmoebis

da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, xels uwyobda gamxnevebas,

rac mogvianebiTac uaryofili ar yofila ` … yoveli sawarmo, romelic qmnis samuSao adgilebs,

saWiroebs mxardaWeras saxelmwifosgan. Cven gvWirdeba

is xalxi, vinc qmnis samuSao adgilebs – isini arian Cveni

da qveynis megobrebi. da me msurs SemoviRo axali jildo,

romliTac dajildovdebian isini, vinc daasaqmebs yvelaze

met adamians …~18

mcire movaWreebis saqmianobis gavrceleba Tanamedrove

saqarTveloSi ucxo da gansakuTrebuli ram ar iyo mTeli

postsabWoTa sivrcisTvis. maTi arseboba ar warmoadgens

raRac xelovnur gamogonebas. piriqiT, es saqmianobebi

Tavis sicocxlisunarianobas imtkicebdnen im cnobierebiT,

rom sabWoTa okupaciam xeli Seuwyo maT arsebobas.

mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi gavrcelebuli iyo `paraleluri~

praqtika:

`’Black’ and `’grey’ economies were significant parts of the

economy of shortage of Soviet systems. Popular images still

prevail of the illegal street selling in the Soviet union, or the

black market exchange of foreign currency.~ (Smith & Stenning

2006 :8) (“~Savi~ da ruxi~ ekonomika iyo mniSvnelovani

Semadgeneli nawili sabWoTa deficituri sistemisa.

dResac Zlieria popularuli warmodgenebi sabWoTa periodSi

aralegaluri quCis vaWrobisa da ucxouri valutis

Savi bazris Sesaxeb~)

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saxeldobr pensionerebis SemTxvevaSi,

aseTi saqmianoba iZleoda saSualebas sagrZnoblad

gazrdiliyo cxovrebis done (Grossman 1991). agreTve, korufcia,

sxvadasxva doneze warmoadgenda saxelmwifo

sistemis nawils, magaliTad, personaluri wris, qselis

gamoyeneba Zalauflebis miRwevis mizniT, sxvadasxva `saCuqrebis~

mirTmeva gansazRvruli upiratesobis misaRebad

da sxva. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, romlis sasoflosameurneo

resursebi odesRac maRali reputaciiT sargeblobda

imdroindeli respublikis sazRvrebs gareT, is

axorcielebda Rvinisa da sasursaTo produqtis mniSvnelovan

komercias saxelmwifos gareT. magram paraleluri

ekonomika (shadow economy, second economy) damaxasiaTebeli iyo agreTve ekonomikis sxva ganxrebisTvisac,

rogoricaa vaWroba da transporti. am mxriv is pasuxobda

daukmayofilebel moTxovnas produqciaze da kargi

xarisxis momsaxureobaze (Mars & Altman 1987 a et b).

cxovrebis done, ufro maRali saqarTveloSi im dros,

vidre sabWoTa kavSiris sxva respublikebSi, zogadad ukav-

Sirdeba qarTuli shadow economy-s sicocxlisunarianobas

sabWoTa epoqaSi.

sabWoTa epoqaSi paraleluri aqtivobebi da praqtikebi

gaxda gansakuTrebiT dauZleveli siRaribis ekonomikisTvis.

es iyo, erTgvarad, politikurad araswori pasuxi,

magram amasTan tolerantuli im winaaRmdegobebis

mimarT, romelic warmoiSva qonebis biurokratiuli gadanawilebisas

da xels uwyobda sabazro urTierTobebis

damkvidrebasa da sakuTrebis uflebebis eqspansias socialisturi

sawarmos wiaRSi (Stark 1989).

Sedegad, post-sabWoTa qveynebis sabazro ekonomikaSi

xdeba gadasvla paraleluri ekonomikidan araformaluri

tipis ekonomikaze. ekonomikis es ori tipi erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdeba Tvisebrivi TvalsazrisiT, rac aixsneba im

principebis gansxvavebiT, romlebiTac isini xelmZRvaneloben

(Campos 2006, Sik, 1992, Turmanidze 2000). Cndeba ra

saqonelze daukmayofilebeli moTxovnis arsebobis Sedegs,

Tanamedrove araformaluri ekonomika gverds uvlis

kanonmdeblobas, raTa SesTavazos saqoneli da momsaxureba,

romelic pasuxobs mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebsa

da msyidvelunarianobas, Tumca mudmivad bazris Sesabamisad.

am TvalsazrisiT, aramyarma aqtivobebma Sei-

Zleba moaxdinon zewola qvevidan im aqtivobebze, romelic

registrirebulia19. im pirobebSi, rodesac sakuTrebis

uflebebi ar aris sakmarisad daculi, ekonomikur aqtorebs

arasakmarisi ndoba aqvT saxelmwifo institutebis

mimarT. (sumbaZe 2006) _ ori momenti, romelic gansakuTrebiT

aqtualuria dRevandel saqarTveloSi. da

magaliTis saxiT - jandacvis samsaxurebis momxmareblebi

ar icnoben sakmarisad Tavis uflebebs, da praqtikebi,  romelic legalurobis zRvarzea, mSvenierad xorcieldeba

kanonis arsebobis pirobebSi. arsebobs riski, rom

gamwvavdes uTanasworoba da daiwyos `ekonomikuri involuciis~

procesi (Burawoy 1996). aqedan ki gamomdinareobs

socialuri kavSirebis mniSvneloba, romelTa mobilizeba

SeiZleba aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi.

5. socialuri kavSirebis mniSvneloba

rogorc msoflios sxva nawilebSi, araformaluri

tipis praqtikebi Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi ikvebeba maT

mier sakuTari adgilis povniT sazogadoebaSi. sxva sityvebiT,

Tu praqtikebi, romelic a priore ewinaaRmdegeba

`oficialur~ ekonomikas, SeiZleba SenarCundnen, es xdeba

imitom, rom isini eyrdnoba socialur qselebs, kav-

Sirebs, romlebic potenciurad momtania rogorc materialuri,

ise aramaterialuri upiratesobebisa. es qselebi

ixlarTeba viTarebis mixedviT da wuTieri moTxovnis

Sesabamisad. am TvalsazrisiT adamianebi miyvebian tradicias,

romlis bevri magaliTia sabWoTa warsulSi.

cnobilia socialuri qselebis mniSvneloba sabWoTa

reJimisTvis, rogorc instrumentebisa, romlebic anelebdnen

ekonomikur da socialur daZabulobebs. amave dros

es iyo imdroindeli reJimis opoziciis kerebi20. da gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani iyo es sabWoTa saqarTvelos-

Tvis, sadac socialuri struqturebi, romlebic dadaRulni

arian erTgvari Rirsebis kodiT, romelic aiZulebs

maT gamudmebiT amtkicon Tavisi Rirebuleba. aseT

magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT stumarTmoyvareoba da

xelgaSliloba, rac vlindeba sufraze21. sabWoTa sistema

Tavisi centralizebulad mowyobili ierarqiiT iwvevda

winaaRmdegobebs sazogadoebaSi, romelic naTesaurobas

(axloblobas) ganixilavs rogorc moralur movaleobas,

sazogadoebaSi, sadac urTierTobebi personalizebulia

da sadac formaluri struqturebi `adaptirebulia~, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi gamoyeneba pirovnuli da ojaxuri

mizniT (Mars & Altman 1987 a et b). danaxuli am kuTxiT,

`sasargeblo~ kavSirebis qseli warmoadgenda umniSvnelovanes

resurss.

es kavSirebi kidev ufro aucilebelia sabazro ekonomikaSi,

sadac koleqtivi sul ufro da ufro naklebad icavs

individs, sadac am ukanasknels miT ufro advilad emuqreba

gariyuloba, radgan sabanko angariSi ufro mniSvnelovania,

vidre warsuli. aseTi kavSirebis sikeTe ufro

warmoCinda saqarTveloSi oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi: aseTi

kavSirebi mniSvnelovnad amcireben ojaxebis mowyvladobas,

xels uwyoben momaragebas sakvebiT, saSualebas

iZlevian gaumjobesdes sabinao pirobebi da uzrunvelyofen,

ufro zogadad, garkveul ekonomikur usafrTxoebas

(Dershem 1998). isini gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa martoxela

pensionerisTvis an marCenals moklebuli ojaxebisTvis.

am jgufebisTvis, socialuri kavSirebi warmoadgenen

socialur kapitals, romelic saSualebas iZleva

dacul iqnas kapitalis sxva formebi _ muSa xeli miwis

nakveTis dasamuSaveblad, samuSao iaraRebi, finansuri

subsidiebi _ da mopovebul iqnas esa Tu is sasargeblo

informacia.

zogadad SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom patar-patara saqmianobebi

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Tavis sicocxlisunarianobas

inarCuneben Zlieri personaluri kavSirebis

wyalobiT, romelic saSualebas iZleva, magaliTad, Segrovdes

sastarto kapitali patara komerciisTvis, moinaxon

mommarageblebi, romlebic ndobas imsaxureben da

momxmareblebi, romlebic mzad arian daicvan savaWro

TamaSis wesebi. es kavSirebi, amasTanave, SeiZleba gaxdes

sasargeblo, rodesac saqme exeba produqtebiT momaragebas,

fulis ukmarisobisas, gasaTbobad gazis Rirebulebis

Semcirebas22, bavSvebis mibarebas iseT skolaSi, romelic

a priori gankuTvnilia SedarebiT daxuruli wrisTvis,

da bolos, ubralod maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdes

mkurnaloba individumarTlac,

jandacvis sferoSi, Tu adamians surs Tavidan

aicilos TviTmkurnaloba, gadawyvetileba xorcieldeba

ise, rom telefoniT ekiTxebian konsultacias eqims,

romelic sargeblobs ojaxis ndobiT23; gansakuTrebul

SemTxvevebSi cdilobdnen sakiTxis mogvarebas ase: ayalbeben

paTologiis diagnostikas, daavadebas aformeben

iseTi saxelwodebiT, risTvisac pacients mkurnalobisTvis

minimaluri fasis gadaxda mouwevs.

globalizaciis konteqstSi, im kavSirebis buneba,

romelTa mobilizeba SeiZleba aucileblobis SemTxveva-

Si, agreTve icvleba. imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes

Rirseuli cxovrebis SenarCuneba, yvelaze didi mniSvneloba

dRes SeiZina saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxvagan, informaciis

misawvdomobam da axalma codnam. Zalauflebis

wyaroebi, prestiJi, simdidre da privilegiebi TandaTanobiT

damokidebuli xdeba siaxloveze politikuri gadawyvetilebis

centrebTan, rogorc amas hqonda adgili sab-

WoTa reJimis dros. imisTvis, rom gaxde `mompovebelTa~

nawili im sinamdvileSi, romelic xasiaTdeba dRemde arnaxuli

ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebebiT, Zalian

momgebiania flobde codnas, kompetencias, romelic Seesabameba

sabazro ekonomikas da codnis sazogadoebas (Eyal

da al. 2000). maSasadame, maSin, rodesac ekonomikuri kapitalis

floba iZleva SesaZleblobas moxvde socialuri

ierarqiis SuagulSi, saqarTveloSi TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg

mniSvnelovania, iseve rogorc sxva postkomunistur

qveynebSi, specifiuri kulturuli kapitali, sasargeblo

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.

es gamoixateba imaSi, rom swavloben inglisurs da

informatikul xelsawyos _ kompiuters, es orive iZleva

saSualebas SeaRwio axal informaciul sivrceSi (musxeliSvili

2007). raTa gamoiyeno es kulturuli kapitali,

aucilebelia icnobde pirovnebebs, romelTac Seu-

ZliaT gaaRon iseTi sawarmoebis (dawesebulebebis) karebi,

romelTac kontaqti aqvT ucxoeTTan, ucxouri fondebis

warmomadgenlebTan da saerTaSoriso gaqanebis NGO Tan. Tu SevxedavT am kuTxiT, ixateba ganawilebis axali

xazi, romelic erTmaneTisgan mijnavs maT, visac aqvs gasavali

gare samyaroSi, imaTgan, vinc amas moklebulia. interesi,

romelsac iwvevs msjeloba evropis samezoblo

politikaze momdinareobs agreTve aqedan.

* * *

wlebma, romelic saqarTvelom gaiara damoukideblobis

Semdeg, Rrmad Secvales Sromis sfero, da amasTanave

socialuri zomebi mSromelebsa da umuSevarTa mimarT.

sabWoTa reJimis dros samuSao iZleoda cxovrebis gansazRvrul

dones, romelic met-naklebad misaRebi iyo,

Tanac arc imdenad uSlida xels miswrafebebs materialuri

keTildReobisken, miswrafebebs, romlebsac Sei-

Zleba xeli SeewyoT `paraleluri~ ekonomikisTvis, im

proporciiT, romelic mWidrod efardeboda arsebul

sasargeblo kavSirebs. socialur planSi, samuSao saSualebas

iZleoda identurobis Camoyalibebisa, is iyo erTgvari

Tanacxovrebis kera (rasakvirvelia organizebuli

ierarqiis mixedviT!), iZleoda darwmunebulobis gancdas

drosTan mimarTebaSi _ samuSaos `Semdeg~ da `uimisod~.

mokled, saboloo jamSi, samuSao (Sroma) iyo garanti

erTgvari socialuri CarTulobisa, maSinac ki, Tu moqmedebdnen

centridanuli Zalebi, romlebic individebs

aiZulebdnen sul ufro da ufro moexdinaT sakuTari Tavis

realizacia pirad cxovrebaSi (Shlapentokh 1989).

gadasvlam sabazro ekonomikaze gaaqarwyla yovelive

is, rasac SeiZleba erTgvari darwmunebulobis ieri hqonoda.

im samyaroSi, romelic imarTeba sabazro kanonebiT,

uTanasworobis SeqmniT da gariyulobiT, unda amoqmeddes

sxva meqanizmebi, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnas Rirseuli

cxovrebis done, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli socialuri

deklasireba. es aris sabazro logika, romelic

dominirebs, logika, romelic gulisxmobs individu aluri aqtorebis CarTvas, romelTac ZaluZT Seqmnan

Tavisi sakuTari saqme da SeuZliaT TviTon daicvan Tavi

mTlianad im riskebisgan, romelic SeiZleba Tavs daatydes

rogorc mas, ise mis axloblebs.

saxelmwifomac iwvnia Tavisi kompetenciebis Secvla.

is zrunavs imaze, rom neo-liberaluri TamaSis wesebi

kidev ufro damkvidrdes ekonomikur sferoSi da amisaTvis

axorcielebs uprecedento sakanonmdeblo aqtivobas.

rac Seexeba socialur problemebs, is sul ufro

da ufro Tavidan icilebs mzrunvelobis movaleobebs da

amiT amwvavebs dapirispirebas erTi mxriv, sabazro

logikasa da meore mxriv, mzrunvelobiT logikas Soris

(Althabe 2003). rac Seexeba erovnul solidarobas, romlis

erTaderTi garanti SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo, mas

is axorcielebs mxolod “morCenis principiT~: unda icxovro

ukidures siRaribeSi, raTa raime daxmareba miiRo,

amasTan es daxmareba aRiqva rogorc saCuqari. da, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

dRevandel mocemulobas, eqvsidan erTi

qarTveli am mdgomareobaSia da xSirad es exeba

pirovnebas, romelmac miaRwia pensiis Teoriul asaks!

maSin, roca saxelmwifo moqmedebs araefeqturad gadanawilebaSi,

is amkvidrebs uTanasworobas, imdenad, ramdenadac

is gamodis neo-liberaluri politikis gatarebidan.

gamoricxa ra solidaroba Tavisi moqmedebis velidan,

saxelmwifo TandaTanobiT kargavs Tavis legitimurobas

mosaxleobis TvalSi da masTan erTad legitimurobas

kargavs misdami daqvemdebarebuli yvela instituti.

aseTi viTareba dRes iwvevs individis mxridan Caketvas

kerZo sferoSi, religiaSi, `axladSeqmnil tradiciaSi~

an gasvlas qveynis `gareT~, romelsac gadaWarbebuli Rirebuleba

eniWeba da romelzedac ocnebobs bevri axalgazrda