თანასწორობის იდეა და თანამედროვე ქართული საზოგადოება

gia JorJoliani

komunisturi samyaros dacemis Semdeg TiTqos yvelasaTvis

naTeli iyo mizani, romelic ganisazRvreboda

rogorc „demokratia~, an rogorc „dasavleTi~, xan ki

rogorc evropa, rac miuxedevad niuansuri gansxvavebebisa,

aRniSnavda erTs: sasurvel mdgomareobas, keTildReobisa

da Tavisuflebis samyaros, sazogadoebis yvela

wevris materialuri da sulieri ganviTarebis saWiro

pirobebiT uzrunvelyofas.

magram, aravin icoda, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo gza

da ra meqanizmebi unda amoqmedebuliyo xsenebuli, Tavadac

ara mkafio da Zlier utopistur (sabWoTa) tradiciaze

dayrdnobili, miznis misaRwevad. Tu aseTi eWvebi da

kritikuli mosazrebebi sakmaod iSviaTi iyo 90–iani

wlebis dasawyisSi, dRes maT mZlavri argumentacia SeiZines

ganvlili 15 wliani istoriuli gamocdilebis Sedegad.

winamdebare statiaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia erT

(mravalTagan) Seusabamobaze, winaaRmdegobaze romelic

dasaxul mizansa da misi miRwevis ganxorcielebul gzasa

da meTodSi mdgomareobda: mizani („evropa~), romelic

dasaxuli iyo Seicavda Zalian Zlier social–demokratiul

Semadgenels liberalurTan erTad, xolo gza,

politika (policy), romelic gamoiyeneboda am miznis misaRwevad

xSirad praqtikulad mas, am Semadgenels ugulebelyofda

radikaluri neoliberalizmis meTodebis sruli

dominirebis fonze.

Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis ideebis, erTi mxriv

urTierTganmapirobebeli, xolo meore mxriv urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi

mimarTeba, romelic erT-erT centralur

adgils ikavebs “modernis~ politikur diskursSi bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi, sruliad araadekvaturad

aRiqmeba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnil

sivrceSi. kerZod, Tanasworobis Semadgeneli zemoTxsenebuli

Tavisufleba-Tanasworobis erTiani diskursisa,

ukeTes SemTxvevaSi daqvemdebarebul adgils ikavebs, xolo,

umeteswilad, praqtikulad ignorirebulia.

amgvari viTareba, albaT, ZiriTadad ori mizeziT aris

ganpirobebuli:

1. globalizaciis (misi yvela ganzomilebis gaTvaliswinebiT)

epoqaSi modernis tradiciuli Rirebulebebi

da “sakvanZo sakiTxebi~ aSkara transformacias ganicdian

da Sesabamisad Tanamedrove politikur diskursSi

gansxvavebuli konfiguraciiT warmodgebian. neoliberalizmis

dominantobis pirobebSi Tanasworobis sakiTxi

“umravlesobis problemidan~ sul ufro iqceva “umciresobis

problemad~. sustdeba misi modernizatoruli da

progresistuli aspeqti, romelic Tanasworobas aniWebda

erT-erT centralur rols mTliani sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi,

modernizaciasa da progresSi, da narCundeba

mxolod misi eTikuri, solidaristuli suliskveTeba.

cxadia, rom modernizaciaze orientirebul sazogadoebaSi

es mniSvnelovnad asustebs Tanasworobis Rirebulebas.

2. sabWoTa ideologiaSi zemoTxsenebuli tradiciuli

evropuli Tavisufleba-Tanasworobis erTiani diskursisgan

gansxvavebiT, Tanasworobis ideas wamyvani adgili

ekava Tavisuflebis ideis sruli ignorirebis fonze.

sabWoTa kavSiris dacemasTan erTad, sabWoTa ideologiam,

praqtikulad sruli delegitimacia ganicada da

sapirispirod Seicvala Rirebulebrivi ierarqiac: wamyvani

adgili daikava Tavisuflebam Tanasworobis ignorirebis

fonze.

fundamenturad gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi, rogoricaa

Tanamedrove evropuli da postsabWoTa sazogadoebebi,

neoliberalizmis dominanturoba sruliad gansxvavebul

Sedegebs mogvcems da ukve iZleva, rac special- uri kvlevis gareSec TvalSisacemia. amdenad, Tu postsabWoTa

saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis orientirad

Tanamedrove evropul sazogadoebriv wesrigs

miviCnevT, aucilebelia adekvaturi warmodgenis Seqmna im

“sakvanZo sayrdenebze~, romlebic am sazogadoebis fundaments

qmnian da maTi adgilis, ragvarobisa da rolis

gaazreba Cvens sazogadoebaSi.

erT-erTi aseTi “sakvanZo sayrdeni~ Tanasworobis Rirebulebaa,

romlis mxolod zogierT mniSvnelovan aspeqts

qvemoT Zalian zogadad SevexebiT.

moqalaqeoba da Tanasworobis ori versia

Tanasworobis idea mWidrod ukavSirdeba moqalaqeobas.

moqalaqeobrivi statusis sakiTxma, TandaTan XIX–XX

ss-Si daikava centraluri adgili “modernis epoqis~

evropis sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi da misi mopovebisaTvis

(damkvidrebisaTvis) brZola iqca socialuri procesis

mTavar Sinaarsad.

“modernisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobrivi statusi

Tavis TavSi Seicavs Tanasworobis ideas: yvela moqalaqe

(adamiani) Tanasworia moqalaqeobrivi statusis

TvalsazrisiT. TandaTanobiT, sakiTxis aqtualizebasTan

erTad, ikveTeba moqalaqeobrivi Tanasworobis ori versia,

romelTagan pirveli prioritetulobs aniWebs moqalaqeobis

politikur aspeqts, xolo meore – socialurs:

1. Tanasworoba uflebebis (da SesaZleblobebis)

arsebobis TvalsazrisiT da 2. Tanasworoba uflebebis

(da SesaZleblobebis) realizebis TvalsazrisiT.

pirveli versia ukavSirdeba liberalur, xolo meore

social– demokratiul ideologiur da msoflmxedvelobriv

principebs.

meore versiaze orientirebul radikalur variantad

SeiZleba miviCnioT sabWoTa (ufro farTod–komunisturi) sistema, xolo rac Seexeba pirvels, misi radikaluri

varianti istoriaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba (calkeuli, SedarebiT

mokle periodebi evropis istoriaSi). yvelaze

ufro axlos masTan mdgomad SeiZleba CaiTvalos XIX s–

is amerikuli sazogadoeba.

XIX s–is 70–iani wlebidan Tanasworobis meore versiis

mniSvnelovani elementebis (Semadgenlebis) damkvidreba

iwyeba TandaTanobiT evropul sinamdvileSi (nawilobriv

amerikulSic), romelic sruldeba pirveli da

meore versiebis konsensualuri variantiT – socialuri

SeTanxmebiT, romlis gamoxatulebasac warmoadgens sayovelTao

keTildReobis saxelmwifo.

tradiciuli evropuli viTarebisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli

viTarebaa postsabWoTa sinamdvileSi Tanasworobis

ori versiis TvalsazrisiT: tradiciul evropul

SemTxvevaSi pirveli versia Tu moiTxovs saxelmwifos

minimizirebas (moqalaqeobrivi aqtivobis mravalferovani

formebi saxelmwifos kontrolisgan damoukideblad

funqcionireben), meore versiaSi saxelmwifos roli warmmarTvelia

(keinsianizmi, keTildReobis saxelmwifo...);

postsabWoTa SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, pirveli versiis funqcionireba

(moqalaqeobrivi aqtivobis funqcionireba)

saxelmwifos kontrolisgan Tavisufali (damoukidebeli)

ar aris (ar aris uzrunvelyofili Tanasworoba moqalaqeobrivi

da politikuri uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi

yvelasTvis), xolo meore versiaSi saxelmwifos

roli arajerovnad da araefeqturad vlindeba.

marTalia saxelmwifo axorcielebs socialuri daxmarebis

programebs (garkveuli zomiT), magram maTi realuri

uaRresi SezRudulobis gamo (Tumca es programebi

saxelmwifo xarjebis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens,

magram ara aqvs saTanado efeqti, radgan Tavad es xarjebia

mcire), isini samizne efeqts ver uzrunvelyofen. amgvari

programebi nawilobriv uzrunvelyofen maTi mimRebi

uRaribesi fenis sicocxlis SenarCunebas, magram maT

ar ZaluZT am socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebisTvis im pirobebis Seqmna, romelic maT SesaZleblobas miscemda

esargeblaT moqalaqeobrivi da politikuri uflebebiT

realur doneze.

sxva sityvebiT, Tanasworobis meore versiis arsebuli

mdgomareoba (done), xels uSlis Tanasworobis pirveli

versiis realizebis SesaZleblobas.

amgvari viTareba, SesaZloa, ganwiruli iyos mdgradi,

konsolidirebuli formiT CamoyalibebisaTvis2. erTis

mxriv, socialuri mxardaWeris simcire ar aZlevT am

jgufebs (recipientebs) SesaZleblobas gamovidnen ukiduresi

siduxWiridan da Sesabamisad isargeblon srulfasovnad

moqalaqeobrivi da politikuri uflebebiT;

xolo, meores mxriv, sicocxlis SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebeli

elementaruli pirobebi, romlebic maT am programebis

saSualebiT eqmnebaT, adunebs maTi socialuri

aqtivobis (moqmedebis) motivacias – xdis maT pasiurs

moqalaqeobrivi politikuri uflebebisTvis brZolaSi.

sabWoTa sistemis gamocdileba uzrunvelyofs specifikuri

Cvevebis damkvidrebas, romlebic xels uwyoben moqalaqis

pasiuri modelis formirebas, gansxvavebiT evropuli aqtiuri

modelisgan.

istoriulad moqalaqeobrivi statusi yalibdeba moqalaqeobrivi

uflebebis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi – es

xdeba nel–nela, calkeuli uflebrivi sferoebis „dapyrobiT~.

moqalaqeobrivi politikuri uflebebi, romlebic adamianebma

miiRes postsabWoTa qveynebSi, kerZod,

saqarTveloSi, ssrk–is dangrevis Semdeg maT brZoliT

ki ar moipoves, aramed eboZaT. pirvel rigSi es exeba uflebas

xelisuflebis formirebaSi monawileobisa. sinamdvileSi,

post-sabWoTa sivrceSi pirveli seriozuli realizeba

moqalaqeobis politikuri aspeqtisa ganxorcielda

swored xelisuflebis formirebis axali wesis –

demokratiuli arCevnebis Catarebisas. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom pirveli moqalaqeobrivi aqtioba postsabWoTa adamianebis

didi umravlesobisTvis es iyo arCevnebSi monaw ileoba. amisgan gansxvavebiT, tradiciul evropul

demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeobrivi statusis (da misi

Tanasworobis Semadgenlis) realizeba xdeba jer sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis ara wminda politikur – samarTlebriv

da ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sferoSi – da mxolod

Semdeg ganivrcoba politikur velSi. es istoriuli

gza moqalaqeebis fenomenis ganviTarebis ara mxolod

mimdevrobas (droiT ganzomilebas), aramed logikur Sinaarssac

Seesabameba3.

magram, Tu me ara maqvs sazogadoebrivi arCevanebi da

rac mTavaria, me ar vibrZvi am arCevanebis realizebisaTvis

(an: ar vmonawileob arCevanebis realizebaSi sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis procesSi, mTlianad socialur proces-

Si – ar vflob meqanizmebs am arCevanebis formirebisa da

realizebisa) maSin Cemi „monawileobis ufleba~ xelisuflebis

formirebaSi tradiciuli (evropuli) gagebiT

moqalaqeobrivi uflebis Sinaarss Tu mTlianad ar kargavs,

mniSvnelovnad zRudavs.

moqalaqeobrivi uflebebi da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis realurad damkvidrebisa

da maTi funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebisa da

institutebis arseboba da maTi avtonomiuroba.

sabWoTa memkvidreobis fonze warmarTuli axali samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis organizaciebisa da institutebis

formirebis procesma postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi specifiuri,

tradiciuli evropulisgan gansxvavebuli formebi

warmoqmna. tradiciuli evropuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli yvelaze ufro masobrivi

organizaciebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad profkavSirebi,

saganmanaTleblo da samecniero dawesebulebebi, eklesia,

profesiuli da SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianebebi da sxv) sab-

WoTa kavSirSi garkveuli formiT arsebobda. ese igi, principi erTiani interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufebis

TanamSromlobisa da gaerTianebisa realizebuli iyo. magram

es organizaciebi ar iqmneboda arc am adamianTa Tavisufali

nebis safuZvelze (qvemodan - grasroots, bottom-up) –

da arc avtonomia gaaCndaT (Tumca mcire doziT Sida avtonomia

arsebobda), maT qmnida zemodan (top down) da akontrolebda

saxelmwifo.

Tu saqmes martivad warmovidgenT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,

rom, saxelmwifos kontrolis moxsnis SemTxvevaSi

am organizaciebs unda daewyoT funqcionireba iseTive wesiT

rogorc es xdeba tradiciul (evropul) samoqalaqo

sazogadoebebSi. magram es ase ar moxda. sxva mizezebTan

erTad amas maTi institucionaluri Camoyalibebis

gamocdilebac ganapirobebda4. amdenad am masobrivma organizaciebma

ver moaxerxes samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan

institutebad qceuliyvnen, metic maTi is funqciebic

Semcirda, romelsac isini sabWoTa sinamdvileSi

asrulebdnen.

postsabWoTa sinamdvileSi daiwyo axali tipis samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis organizaciebis – e.w. arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis Camoyalibeba, romelnic garkveuli azriT

ufro met msgavsebas amJRavnebdnen tradiciul evropul

institutebTan – Camoyalibebis wesiTac (yalibdebodnen

Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze) da saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiTac

(ar kontroldebodnen saxelmwifos mier). isini

iyvnen yvelaze aqtiuri mebrZolebi moqalaqeobrivi

uflebebis damkvidrebis saqmeSi, magram maT hqondaT mniSvnelovani

gansxvavebac evropuli tradiciuli analogebisgan:

aramasobrioba da aqtivobis finansirebis wyaro

Tavad am sazogadoebriv jgufebs gareT mdgomi aqtorebisgan

(ZiriTadad ucxouri fondebi).

xsenebuli parametrebis deficitma arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

ganviTarebis tendenciebi mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba:

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebisa da institutebis

ganviTarebisa da mdgradobisaTvis aucilebelia maTi aqtivobis Sedegad sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv

cxovrebaze zemoqmedeba da xiluli efeqtebis Seqmna,

ramac unda ganapirobos masobrivi monawileoba da

met–naklebad mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera,

da Sesabamisad maTdami farTo sazogadoebis ndobis gaCena

da SenarCuneba. postsabWoTa viTarebaSi rogorc zemoT

aRiniSna, sabWoTa tradiciuli masobrivi sazogadoebrivi

institutebi sinamdvileSi dasustdnen, xolo

axlad Seqmnilma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma ver Se-

Zles masobriobisa da mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi

ndobis mopoveba (rac tradiciul evropul models Seesabameba

– sadac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mTavari da

ZiriTadi aqtorebi masobrivi organizaciebia). metic, Tu

erTma nawilma arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa praqtikulad

Sewyvita arseboba, an daikava profesiul–eqspertuli

saqmianobis niSa, meore – SedarebiT warmatebulma nawilma

politizacia ganicada, Seeria politikur jgufebsa

da institutebs da dakarga aucilebeli Tviseba samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis organizaciebisa – avtonomiuroba.

Sedegad miviReT viTareba, romelic erTgvar Cixs qmnis

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Semdgom gzaze.

totalitarizmis pirobebSi arsebuli sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba

rogorc ustruqturo (arastruqturizebuli)

masobrivi sazogadoeba – masa aris individualizebuli

da atomizebuli.

postsabWoTa saqarTvelos sazogadoeba Zalian gavda

aseT sazogadoebas, Tumca 70–iani da 80–iani wlebis posttotalitarizmma

gaaCina SeiZleba ara mkafio, magram mainc

garkveuli socialuri identobebi (elita, inteligencia...),

mTlianobaSi sazogadoeba iyo egalitaruli, mosaxleobis

udidesi umravlesoba Semosavlebisa da socialuri

statusis TvalsazrisiT saSualo klasis (fenis)

parametrebs Seesabameboda. am klasis warmomadgenlebi

sruliad moklebulni iyvnen moqalaqeobriv da

politikur uflebebs, magram isini Tanasworni iyvnen uuflebobaSi. amave dros, es Tanasworoba ar iTvaliswinebda

horizontalur solidarobas da TanamSromlobas,

rac Sedegia individTa avtonomiuri qmedebebisa,

romelic moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis damkvidrebisadmi

miswrafebas iwvevs. saSualo klasis Tanasworoba, iyo

Tanasworoba, romelsac qveSevrdomTaTvis uzrunvelyofda

suvereni – maTgan damoukidebeli saxelmwifo!

qveSevrdomuli cnobiereba gansxvavdeba moqalaqeobrivi

cnobierebisgan: pirveli momlodinea, meore ki moqmedi.

amdenad, socialuri uflebebis damkvidrebisTvis

aramoqalaqeobrivi cnobierebis adamianebi aqtiurad ki

ar moqmedeben, aramed moelian, rom es problema saxelmwifos

mier, zevidan iqneba gadawyvetili. miuxedavad imisa,

rom es molodini ar marTldeba, aramoqalaqeobrivi

(qveSevrdomuli) cnobiereba mis (molodinis) alternativad

ar warmoidgens samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis

Cveul horizontaluri TanamSromlobisa da solidarobis

mimarTulebis moqmedebas, romelic problemis garkveuli

nawilis mogvarebas zogjer saxelmwifos gareSe, avtonomiuri

funqcionirebis farglebSi gulisxmobs, xolo

saxelmwifo politikis saTanado cvlilebas sazogadoebaSi

problemaze farTo konsensusis formirebis Sedegad

mTavrobaze gavlenis meSveobiT uzrunvelyofs. qveSevrdomuli

cnobierebac (gansakuTrebiT problemis gamwvavebis

viTarebaSi) SeiZleba iyos ganwyobili moqmedebisken,

magram es moqmedeba mimarTulia ara sakuTari molodinis

paternis Secvlisaken, aramed am (molodinis) paternis

SenarCunebis pirobebSi mTavrobis (mmarTvelebis) –

visganac moelian problemis gadawyvetas – Secvlisken.

erTgvari paradoqsia, rom amgvari cnobierebis jgufebi

mzad arian miiRon monawileoba revoluciebSi,gawion bevrad

ufro maRali riskebi, vidre amas moiTxovda moqalaqeobrivi

aqtivoba. `umravlesobis klasi~ evropulad da qarTulad

XX s–is 60–iani wlebisTvis socialuri cvlilebebis

istoriulma Zalam evropaSi dakarga Tavisi mamoZravebeli

energia, radganac principi, romlis damkvidrebasac

igi eswrafoda TiTqmis sayovelTaod gabatonda. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom praqtikulad damkvidrda Tanasworobis

pirveli da meore versiebis sinTezi.

Zveli, adrindeli klasobrivi identuroba, kuTvnileba

gadavida ukana planze – Seiqmna axali solidaruli er-

Toba, romelic moicavs sazogadoebis udides umravlesobas

(2/3–s, 4/5–s, an kidev ufro mets). am erTobis SigniT

aris gansxvaveba (maT Soris materialuri mdgomareobis

TvalsazrisiT), magram damkvidrebulia agreTve

fundamenturi Tanasworoba xelmisawvdomobisa. es aris

moqalaqeTa klasi, imavdroulad, umravlesobis klasi

da isini vinc mas miekuTvnebian imedovneben (ara usafuZvlod)

ganaxorcielon Tavisi miswrafebebi (cxovrebiseuli)

arsebuli institutebis (ekonomikuri, socialuri,

politikuri) principuli da radikaluri Secvlis

gareSe5.

amavdroulad es erToba – “umravlesobis klasi~ Sei-

Zleba ganisazRvros agreTve, rogorc erToba “mogebulebisa~

(an rogorc minimum, “arawagebulebisa~, anu erToba

imaTi, visac aqvs realuri Sansi gaxdes “mogebuli~). sapirispirod,

“umciresobis klasSi~ gaerTiandebian autsaiderebi,

marginaluri jgufebi, vinc arsebuli sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis SenarCunebis pirobebSi “wagebulebs~

miekuTvneba (anu, visac praqtikulad ara aqvs realuri

Sansi gaxdes “mogebuli~).

dReisaTvis, 80–iani wlebis neoliberalizmisa da globalizaciis

pirobebSi, sazogadoebis es modeli gamowvevis

winaSe dgas, magram jer–jerobiT mdgradobas inar-

Cunebs. igi dasustdeba da principul cvlilebas ganicdis,

Tu transformirdeba fundamenturi principis SenarCunebiT

– jer–jerobiT Ria alternativaa. missapirispiroa

viTareba postsabWoTa sinamdvileSi: mosaxleobis

udidesi umravlesoba SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT

“wagebulebis~ jgufs, da mxolod viwro umciresoba –

“mogebulebisas~ (anu “umravlesobis klasi~ qarTulad

– es aris “wagebulTa, autsaiderTa erToba, xolo “umciresobis

klasi~ – “mogebulTa~, warmatebulTa).

“wagebulebi~ _ “dabali klasi~, romelic umravlesobas

warmoadgens postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi, atarebs

bevr iseT niSan_Tvisebas, romelic axasiaTebda e.w.

“lumpen_proletariats~ da, romelic SeiZleba dRes

axasiaTebdes ganviTarebuli evropis sazogadoebis marginaluri

da autsaideruli umciresobebis jgufebs. igi

gaucxoebulia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisagan, populisturia,

dezintegrirebuli da atomizirebulia, misi wevrebi

cal-calke cdiloben gadawyviton sakuTari problemebi.

gadawyvetis ZiriTadi gzebia _ adaptacia _ Segueba, an

konformizmi, korufcia, klientelizmi Tu sxva araformaluri

meqanizmebi (upiratesad aralegaluri).

zogadad, gardamaval periodebSi, rodesac socialuri,

politikuri, ekonomikuri struqturebi da

kulturul_Rirebulebrivi sistemebi ganicdian mniSvnelovan

cvlilebebs, izrdeba ganusazRvrelobis tendencia,

rac TavisTavad iwvevs araformaluri institutebis

dominirebas formalurebze. araformaluri wesebis

damkvidrebas postsabWoTa sinamdvileSi, maT Soris

saqarTveloSi, adgili hqonda, rogorc ekonomikis, aseve

politikis sferoSi6. araformaluri institutebis dominireba

sazogadoebaSi xels uwyobs undoblobis zrdas,

rogorc kanonebis, aseve sxva legaluri institutebisadmi

(wesebisa da organizaciebisadmi) da aZlierebs tendencias

e.w. “anomiis~ (ukanonoba _ wesebis ar arseboba, wesebi

ar funqcionirebs) damkvidrebisa. am cnebiT e. durkheimi

aRwerda viTarebas, rodesac socialuri normebi wyveten

moqmedebas politikuri da ekonomikuri krizisebis Sedegad.

amavdroulad, wesrigis ar arseboba, viTarebis da

Sesabamisad momavlis, Sedegebis ganusazRvrelobis uaRresad maRali done iwvevs amgvar sazogadoebaSi (kerZod

im jgufebSi, sadac viTareba kritikulia) gaCenas ganwyobebisa,

romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia hipertrofuli

mniSvnelobis miniWeba wesrigisaTvis nebismieri formiT.

es ki qmnis uaRresad nayofier niadags avtoritaruli

da populisturi reJimebis damkvidrebisaTvis, romlebic

cxadia praqtikulad ar cvlian arsebiTad ukeTesobisken

am gaucxoebuli “dabali umravlesobis~ moqalaqeobrivi

uflebebis realizebisaTvis aucilebel da

saWiro pirobebs.

postsabWoTa “umravlesobis klasis~ _ “wagebulebis

klasis~ mTavari fundamentia umuSevroba. Tu evropul

klasebs gansazRvravda maTi CarTulobis wesi (forma)

ekonomikur (da sazogadoebriv) cxovrebaSi, postsabWo-

Ta “umravlesobis klasis~ mTavari ganmsazRvrelia misi

CaurTveloba ekonomikaSi da ufro farTod, sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi.

umuSevroba safuZvels aclis adamianis TviTpativiscemas,

angrevs misi cxovrebis wesrigs da xdis mas damokidebuls

Cveulebriv saxelmwifoze (saxelmwifo mxardaWeraze).

umuSevroba TiSavs adamians sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan,

faqtiurad mijnavs (ganagdebs mas) moqalaqe-

Ta erTobidan, da Sesabamisad ayenebs moqalaqeobrivi

uflebebis sakiTxs tradiciuli evropulisgan gansxvavebuli

rakursiT (Sesabamisad gadawyvetis formebic sxvanairi

SeiZleba iyos). XXs-is 80-iani wlebidan eWvis

qveS dgeba (praqtikulad uaryofilia) mosazreba, rom

dasaqmebis zrda (umuSevrobis Semcireba) xels uwyobs

(uciloblad) ekonomikur zrdas, rac WeSmaritebad miiCneoda

keinsianisturi politikisa da SexedulebebisaTvis.

viwro monetaruli TvalsazrisiT umuSevroba SeiZleba

ufro iafi jdebodes, vidre sruli dasaqmeba.

Tumca uflebebiT (moqalaqeobrivi da politikuri,

maT Soris) sargeblobis, maTi misawvdomobis sakiTxi,

pirdapir da uSualod ar ukavSirdeba umuSevrobis problemas,

magram uzrunvelyofa, romelic saWiroa am mis SemawvdomobisaTvis,

dRevandel pirobebSi praqtikulad ukiduresad

zRudavs umuSevrebs (aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod

Sesabamisi materialuri resursebi, aramed samoqalaqo

resursebic _ organizaciebSi monawileoba _ mag.

profkavSirebi, raimegvari CarTuloba sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi da sxv.). SezRuduli resursebis (metic maTi

zrdis SezRudulobis) pirobebSi, “mogebulebi~, gabatonebuli

jgufi, SesaZloa dainteresebuli iyos ara mxolod

eqskluziurobis SenarCunebaSi maTi (resursebis)

ganawileba_gayofis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, aramed

mTlianad jgufis SemcirebiT, misi wevrebis nawilis

jgufis gareT gayvaniT. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos politikur

klasSi (kerZod mmarTvel jgufSi) amgvari tendencia

aSkarad SeiniSneba _ eqskluziurobis zrda, inkluziurobis

ukiduresi SezRudva da mcdelobebi eqskluziur

jgufSi Zalauflebis koncentraciis, centralizaciisa

da monopolizaciis mimarTulebiT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi politikuri berketebis

dominantur rols ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,

cxadia, rom igive tendencia mniSvnelovanwilad

xsenebuli sferoebisTvisac iqneba damaxasiaTebeli. radgan

TavisTavad politikuris dominireba ekonomikur da

sazogadoebriv sferoSi uaRresad zRudavs tradiciuli

evropuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

avtonomiuri organizaciebisa da institutebis

Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebas, Sesabamisad sustdeba

qarTuli “umravlesobis klasis~ socialuri gaaqtiurebis

(SemdgomSi am aqtiurobis politikur velSi translirebis

CaTvliT) organizaciuli safuZvlebi.

yvela gabatonebuli klasi istoriulad icavda saku-

Tar interesebs (sxva klasebisgan, an maT winaaRmdeg). ase-

Tive logika ganapirobebs 60-70-ian wlebSi ganviTarebul

evropaSi Camoyalibebuli “umravlesobis klasis~

qcevas, romelic garkveul antagonizmSi umciresobasTan

(an umciresobis jgufebTan)7. magram damkvidrebuli mo qalaqeobrivi uflebebi da demokratiuli politikuri

sistema, umravlesobas aqcevs am klasis wevrad.

rac Seexeba postsabWoTa mmarTvel klass, igi principulad

gansxvavdeba tradiciuli evropuli socialekonomikur

safuZvelze formirebuli klasebisgan. postsabWoTa

mmarTveli klasis formirebis safuZvlebi Zevs

ara socio-ekonomikur, aramed politikur velSi (sferoSi).

am TvalsazrisiT igi garkveulad agrZelebs sab-

WoTa mmarTveli klasis tradicias, Tumca mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba ekonomikuri resursebis flobis TvalsazrisiT.

magram, ramdenadac politika dominirebs

ekonomikaze, politikuri cvlilebebi ekonomikuri

resursebis gadanawilebasac SesaZloa moaswavebdes. es

SesaZloa ganxorcieldes, rogorc mmarTveli klasis revoluciuri

cvlilebis pirobebSi, aseve mTlianobaSi

mmarTveli jgufis SenarCunebisas misi calkeuli wevrebisa

Tu jgufebis am klasidan ganTesvis (gandevnis) SemTxvevaSi.

erTi SexedviT, es SesaZloa aRqmuli iqnas analogiad

Sesabamisi tradiciuli evropuli viTarebisa, romelic

damaxasiaTebeli iyo XIX da XXs-is pirveli naxevrisaTvis,

vidre realizdeboda Tanasworobis ori versiis

sinTezi da Seiqmneboda “umravlesobis klasi~: “mogebulebis

umciresobis klasi~ marTavs “wagebulebis umravlesobis

klasTan~ konfrontaciis pirobebSi. SeiZleboda

gvefiqra, rom evropuli analogiis msgavsad umravlesobisa

da umciresobis klasebis sarkiseburi cvlileba

postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi ganxorcieldeba momavalSi,

magram es vulgaruli da zedapiruli istoriul-SedarebiTi

analogia Tanamedrove globalizaciis procesebis

fonze sruliad usafuZvlod gamoiyureba.

dRevandel viTarebaSi, mxolod evropuli tipis didi

“umravlesobis klasi~ iZleva SesaZleblobas qveynis ganviTarebisa.

Tu didi nawili mosaxleobisa iqneba “marginaluri

klasi~ (autsaideruli umravlesoba), mowyvetili

sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, elementarulad Semcirdeba resursebi (adamianuri –raodenobrivad, da inteleqtualuri

–xarisxobrivad) kreatiuli moqmedebisa

– arsebulis SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebisa. TavisTavad,

TandaTanobiT kidev ufro gaizrdeba “ufskruli~, gaucxoeba

viwro, mcirericxovan elitur jgufebsa da farTo,

mravalricxovan autsaiderul klass Soris, rac spobs

SesaZleblobas maTi TanamSromlobisa, socialuri kav-

Sirebis da urTierTqmedebis intensivobisa.

Sedegad SeiZleba miRebul iqnas populisturi avtoritarizmi,

orientiriT “rCeulTa mmarTvelobaze~

(eqspertuli mmarTveloba, meritokratia), magram es

“rCeulebi~ romc undodeT, TandaTan ufro Znelad wamoiyvanen

autsaiderebs TanamSromlobaze, am ukanasknel-

Ta gaucxoebisa da kreatiuli potencialis TiTqmis

gaqrobis gamo.

* * *

dRevandel postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mdgomareobidan

gamomdinare Zneli savaraudoa, rom Tanasworobis

sinTezuri versiis da Sesabamisad realuri evropeizaciis

mimarTulebiT nabijebis gadadgma daiwyos im wesiT,

rogorc es xorcieldeboda tradiciul evropaSi. moqmedi

politikuri (da socialuri) aqtorebi an ar arian dainteresebulni,

an ver axerxeben sakiTxis aqtualizebas da

mis win wamowevas sazogadoebriv–politikuri cxovrebis

dRis wesrigSi. arc globalizaciuri da neoliberaluri

gavlenebi uwyoben xels xsenebuli sakiTxis wamowevas. mediac

(gansakuTrebiT televizia), romelic mWidrod da

urTierTganpirobebulobis wesiT ukavSirdeba politikur

sferos, ver axerxebs CarTos sakuTar sivrceSi ara mimdinare,

Rrma da fundamenturi Rirebulebrivi problemebi.

praqtika ganagdebs amgvar sakiTxebs sazogadoebrivi

diskursidan. arsebul mdgomareobaSi, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli Cans, rom

amgvari Rrma sakiTxebisadmi saTanado yuradReba gamoiCinon

da gaxadon isini sazogadoebrivi diskursis sagnad

politikuri da socialuri procesis Cveulma monawileebma.

Tanasworobis idea (iseve, rogorc sxva evropuli ideebi)

axal viTarebaSi, gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi, axal midgomebs

moiTxovs.

sinamdvileSi es aris amocana calkeuli inteleqtualebisa

da jgufebisaTvis, romelnic mzad iqnebian mimdinare

politikuri koniunqturis miuxedavad da xSirad

sapirispirod, daiwyon msjeloba fundamentur sakiTxebze,

da, rasakvirvelia, avtonomiuroba amisaTvis aucilebel

pirobas warmoadgens.

amdenad, Tu Cven gvinda namdvili liberaluri–

demokratiis damkvidreba, Tu Cven namdvilad miviswrafiT

im tipis socialuri kontraqtisken, romelic safuZvlad

udevs, evropul sazogadoebas, Tanasworobis Sesabamisi

sinTezuri versia (pirveli da meore versiis sinTezi) unda

gaxdes Cveni sazogadoebrivi diskursis dRis wesrigis erT–

erTi umTavresi da, rac mTavaria, mudmivi sakiTxi, Semadgeneli.

im viTarebaSi, rodesac Sesabamisi socialuri Zalebi,

romelnic warmoadgenen mTavar aqtorebs evropuli sazogadoebis

dRis wesrigSi am sakiTxis (sinTezuri versia Tanasworobisa)

wamoWris, gadawyvetis da SenarCunebisa

(dResac aqtualurobisa) uaRresad sustia da maT praqtikulad

ar ZaluZT arc problemaTa agregireba, arc Tanamedrove

pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi formulireba

da moqmedeba maTi gadawyvetisaTvis, es funqcia unda aiRon

inteleqtualurma jgufebma.