უთანასწორობა შრომის სფეროში

(saqarTvelo)

ciuri anTaZe

SromiTi saqmianoba adamianTa arsebobisa da ganviTarebis

ZiriTadi sferoa. amitom socialuri samarTlianobisa

da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba

aqvs Sromis sferoSi uTanasworobis aRmofxvras

da SromiTi urTierTobis mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis

dacvas.

rogorc cnobilia, SromiTi urTierTobis samarTlebrivi

normebi am urTierTobebis regulirebis safuZvelia.

amitom SromiTi kanonmdeblobis xarisxze didadaa

damokidebuli mxareTa interesebis balansis uzrunvelyofa.

saqarTveloSi 2006 wlis 25 maiss miRebulma `Sromis

kodeqsma~ arsebiTad gaauaresa SromiTi urTierTobis

normebi da realurad Seqmna dasaqmebulTa diskriminaciis

winapirobebi. amasTan mxareTa uTanasworobis SesaZleblobebi

arsebobs SromiTi urTierTobis yvela etapze:

dawyebuli dasaqmebidan da damTavrebuli samuSaodan daTxovniTa

da umuSevarTa socialuri dacviT. informaciis

ukeT aRqmis mizniT uTanasworobis gamovlinebis SesaZleblobebi

ganvixiloT swored am etapebis, stadiebis mixedviT.

am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gamovyoT uTanasworoba

dasaqmebisas, Sromis pirobebSi, Sromis anazRaurebisas,

samsaxurebrivi winsvlis sferoSi, samuSaodan daTxovnisas,

pirovnebis socialuri dacvis sferoSi.

uTanasworoba dasaqmebisas

saqarTveloSi dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis SezRuduloba

da umuSevrobis maRali done Tavidanve qmnis uTanasworobis

winapirobebs damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulis

urTierTobaSi. sxva samuSaos Sovnis sirTulis gamo mo kodemuSave

xSirad iZulebulia daTanxmdes Sromis araadekvatur

pirobebs, dabal anazRaurebas, zeganakveTur muSaobas

da a.S.

sagulisxmoa is garemoebac, rom Sromis bazris infrastruqturis

ganuviTareblobis gamo araTanabaria

dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb informaciis xelmisawvdomoba

mosaxleobis sxvadasxva kategoriisaTvis.

qveyanaSi faqtobrivad ar arsebobs dasaqmebis saxelmwifo

samsaxuri, ganuviTarebeli da araefeqtiania dasaqmebis

kerZo saagentoebis sistema, dabalia kompiuterizaciisa

da internetizaciis done, ris gamoc mosaxleobis mxolod

mcire nawilisTvis Tua cnobili informacia realuri

vakansiebis Sesaxeb.

uTanasworobis gamovlinebad unda miviCnioT is

faqtic, rom saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis moqmedi kanonmdeblobis

Sesabamisad `damsaqmebeli ar aris valdebuli

daasabuTos Tavisi gadawyvetileba dasaqmebaze uaris Tqmis

Sesaxeb~ (saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi, muxli 5, punqti

8). es, erTis mxriv, SesaZleblobas aZlevs damsaqmebels

(maT Soris saxelmwifo struqturebSi) kandidatis Ser-

Cevisa da Sefasebis procesSi miiRos dausabuTebeli gadawyvetileba

da, meores mxriv, samuSaos maZiebels ukargavs

obieqturi Sefasebis rwmenas da sxva samuSaos Zebnis

survils. miT ufro, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi kadrebis Ser-

Cevis kriteriumebi dauzustebeli, SerCevis procesi ki

aragamWvirvalea.

saqarTveloSi arcTu iSviaTia damsaqmeblis mxridan

momuSavisadmi dausabuTebeli moTxovnebis wayenebis SemTxvevebi,

anu iseTi moTxovnebis, romlebic ar gamomdinareoben

Sesasrulebeli samuSaos specifikidan. magaliTad,

SezRudvebi asakis, sqesis mixedviT, ucxo enis codnis

moTxovna iseT samuSaoebze, sadac amis saWiroeba ar arsebobs

da a.S. aseTi SezRudvebi momuSaveTa diskriminaciadac

SeiZleba Sefasdes.

samwuxarod, bolo periodSi Zalian gaxSirda xanmokle

(erTTviani, or da samTviani) SromiTi kontraqtebi, rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo struqturebSi, rac damTrgunvelad

moqmedebs momuSavis fsiqikaze, SromiT motivaciaze

da realurad qmnis pirobebs damsaqmeblis TavnebobisaTvis.

uTanasworoba Sromis pirobebSi

saqarTvelos axali Sromis kodeqsiT dasaSvebia

SromiTi kontraqtis dadeba zepiri formiT gansazRvruli

an ganusazRvreli vadiT. zepiri formiT kontraqtis

dadebis SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, gauwerelia SromiTi

urTierTobis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi. es ki zrdis SromiTi

davebis warmoSobis albaTobas da daucvels xdis momuSaves

damsaqmebelTan mimarTebaSi, gansakuTrebiT Sromi-

Ti davebis warmoSobisas.

marTalia, kodeqsis Tanaxmad, samuSao dro ar unda

aRematebodes kviraSi 41 saaTs, magram iqve aRniSnulia:

`Tu SromiTi xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~.

normis aseTi formulireba faqtobrivad

uflebas aZlevs damsaqmebels daadginos ufro meti xangrZlivobis

samuSao dro. miT ufro, rom Sromis kodesiT

faqtobrivad SeuzRudavia sazeganakveTo samuSaoebi:

dadgenili ar aris sazeganakveTo samuSaoebis maqsimalurad

dasaSvebi xangrZlivoba, aseTi samuSaoebis damatebiT

anazRaurebis moTxovna da a.S. ufro metic, kodeqsi

adgens, rom `dasaqmebuli valdebulia Seasrulos zeganakveTuri

samuSao stiqiuri ubedurebis Tavidan asacileblad

anda misi Sedegebis likvidaciisaTvis _

anazRaurebis gareSe~ (muxli 17, punqti 1), rac ewinaaRmdegeba

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis fuZemdebluri

konvenciis (#29 `iZulebuli an savaldebulo Sromis Sesaxeb~)

moTxovnebs.

axali Sromis kodeqsiT gauqmebulia mZime, mavne da

saSiSpirobebian samuSaoebze, aseve RamiT muSaobisaTvis

SeRavaTebi da kompensaciebi, rasac iTvaliswinebda 2006

wlamde moqmedi `Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi~. axali kodeqsidan `gaqra~ aseve arasrulwlovanTaTvis Semcirebuli

samuSao drois dawesebis, moswavle da studenti axalgazrdebisaTvis

saswavlo Svebulebis micemis moTxovnebi.

uTanasworoba Sromis anazraurebisas

saqarTvelos `Sromis kodeqsi~ ar cnobs Sromis

anazraurebis minimaluri odenobis (minimaluri xelfasis)

dadgenis saWiroebas, Tumca dResac moqmedebs

saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 4 ivnisis #351 brZanebulebiT

dadgenili minimaluri xelfasis norma 20

laris odenobiT. es ki dRes arsebuli saarsebo minimumis

mxolod 1/6-ia. yvelaze SemaSfoTebelia faqti, rom 20

larze nakleb xelfass amJamad iRebs daqiravebiT momuSave-

Ta 3-4% (daaxloebiT 19 aTasi momuSave, romelTagan 13

aTasi sabiujeto dawesebulebebSi, ZiriTadad saavadmyofoebSi,

skolebSi, biblioTekebSi muSaobs). saqarTveloSi

daqiravebiT momuSaveTa 32%-is Sromis anazRaureba 100

larze anu saarsebo minimumze naklebia. biznes seqtorSi

es maCvenebeli 27,4%-is tolia, sabiujeto seqtorSi ki

_ 38,3%-is.

Zalian didia Sromis anazRaurebis Sidauwyebrivi

diferenciacia rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo seqtorSi.

magaliTad, saministroSi minimalur da maqsilalur xelfasebs

Soris Tanafardoba Seadgens 1 : 28.

statistikis departamentis gamokvlevebiT, biznes-seqtorSi

yvelaze dabali (20 larze naklebi) anazRurebis

mqone dasaqmebulebis saSualo xelfasi 242-jer naklebia

yvelaze maRali (2 000 larze meti) anazRaurebis mqone

momuSaveebis saSualo xelfasze. sabiujeto seqtorSi ki

es maCvenebeli 292-jer metia, rac kidev ufro amZafrebs

socialuri usamarTlobis gancdas sazogadoebaSi da safrTxes

uqmnis socialur stabilurobas qveyanaSi. uTanasworoba samsaxurebrivi winsvlis sferoSi

samsaxurSi miReba da dawinaureba xSirad araobieqturi

kriteriumebiT (nacnobobiT, partiuli niSniT, asakobrivi

niSniT, ufrosTan megobrobis anda `erTgulebis~

gamo da a.S.) xdeba, rac, erTis mxriv, uaryofiTad

aisaxeba danarCen momuSaveTa SromiT motivaciaze da, meores

mxriv, arakompetentur xelmZRvanelobasTan dakav-

Sirebuli problemebis gamwvavebas uwyobs xels.

saqarTvelosTvis es problema uaRresad aqtualuria da

socialuri ukmayofilebis zrdis, qveynidan axalgazrdobis

emigrirebis erT-erT faqtoradac gvevlineba.

uTanasworoba samuSaodan daTxovnisas

saqarTveloSi Zalian bevri problemaa SromiTi urTierTobis

am etapzec. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs samuSaodan gaTavisufleba.

Sromis axali kodeqsis normebiT, Zalian uTanabro

mdgomareobaSia Cayenebuli damsaqmebeli da dasaqmebuli

samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebis

TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, dasaqmebuli valdebulia

aranakleb 30 kalendaruli dRiT adre gaafrTxilos

damsaqmebeli samuSaodan wasvlis Sesaxeb, xolo damsaqmebeli

ar aris valdebuli, Tundac ramodenime wuTiT adre

gaafrTxilos momuSave mosalodneli gaTavisuflebis

Sesaxeb. garda imisa, rom samuSaodan moulodneli gaTavisufleba,

Tanac yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSe,

udidesi sulieri tramvaa pirovnebisaTvis, igi mZime

ekonomikur pirobebSi ayenebs samuSaodan daTxovnils da

mis ojaxs, vinaidan umuSevrobis maRali donis pirobeb-

Si Zalian rTulia axali samuSao adgilis moZieba. amasTan,

axali kodeqsiT, damsaqmebeli momuSaves uxdis kompensacias

mxolod erTi Tvis xelfasis odenobiT da isic mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momuSavis samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba

moxda damsaqmeblis iniciativiT. kuriozuladac ki gveCveneba is faqti, rom axali

SromiTi kanonmdeblobiT, dasaqmebuli Cayenebulia diskriminaciul

mdgomareobaSi ara marto SromiTi urTier-

Tobis, aramed protestis gamoxatvis sferoSic. kerZod,

axali kodeqsiT, `ukanonod CaiTvleba im dasaqmebulTa

gaficva, romlebic SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSlis

Sesaxeb informirebulni iyvnen davis warmoSobamde~ (muxli

51, punqti 4). arada, cnobilia, rom gaficvebis absoluturi

umravlesoba swored imitom xdeba, rom momuSaveebi

igeben informacias samuSaodan maTi gaTavisuflebulebis

Sesaxeb. marTalia, kodeqsSi Cadebulia normebi

gaficvis uflebisa da misi organizaciis meqanizmis Sesaxeb,

magram imavdroulad imdeni SemzRudavi da gaumarTlebeli

momentia, rom faqtiurad minimumamde amcirebs am

konstituciuri uflebis realizaciis Sanss (Tu ar spobs

mTlianad).

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, TvalnaTliv

Cans, rom saqarTveloSi samuSaos Zebnis, muSaobis dawyebis,

Sromis periodSi da samuSaodan gaTavisuflebisas

adamiani Cayenebulia socialurad usamarTlo situacia-

Si, usamarTlo pirobebSi, magram amiTac ar mTavrdeba ...

adamianisadmi damokidebuleba garkveulwilad aisaxeba

umuSevari an Sromisuunaro piris socialuri dacvis

politikaSi. misi analizic garkveulwilad iZleva Sefasebis

saSualebas, Tu ramdenad aris daculi adamianis

uflebebi da socialuri samarTlianobis principebi ama

Tu im qveyanaSi. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs

umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis saxelmwifo sistema. 2006

wlis maisSi miRebuli Sromis kodeqsiT gauqmda saqarTvelos

kanoni `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~ da masTan erTad gauqmda

umuSevris Semweoba. saxelmwifom moixsna yovelgvari

valdebuleba umuSevarTa socialuri dacvis mimarTulebiT.

is mizeruli, simboluri Tanxa, romelic eZleoda

umuSevars SemweobisaTvis (20 lari TveSi 6 Tvis

ganmavlobaSi) da realurad arsebobda misi etapobrivad

gazrdisa da saarsebo minimumTan gatolebis SesaZleblo ba, saerTod gauqmda. umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis kerZo

sistema ki saqarTveloSi jer ar aris Camoyalibebuli

da am sferoSi pirveli nabijebi axla idgmeba. am TvalsazrisiT

misasalmebelia saqarTvelos profesiuli kav-

Sirebis gaerTianebis TanamSromloba sadazRvevo kompania

`GPI holdingTan~. marTalia, sxva sadazRvevo kompaniebic

iwyeben muSaobas am sferoSi, magram, jerjerobiT, es

sistema mainc Camouyalibebelia da pirovnebas ara aqvs

garantia, rom umuSevrad darCenis SemTxvevaSi igi miiRebs

garkveul materialur mxardaWeras saxelmwifo Tu ker-

Zo struqturebis mxridan.

SromiT uflebebs garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba sapensio

sistema. unda aRiniSnos, rom SromiTi pensiebi

saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad ar arsebobs da moqmed kanonmdeblobaSic

gamoiyeneba definicia `saxelmwifo pensia~.

es ukanaskneli moicavs asakis gamo pensias, romelsac saer-

To araferi aqvs SromiT pensiasTan, ramdenadac igi Tanabari

odenobiT eniSneba yvelas, visac Seusrulda sapensio

asaki imis miuxedavad, aqvs Tu ara muSabis staJi,

ramdeni hqonda xelfasi da a.S. es gvaZlevs imis Tqmis

uflebas, rom saqarTveloSi SromiTi pensiebi ar arsebobs.

Cveni azriT, socialuri usamarTlobis gamovlinebaa

is faqtic, rom 2006 wlis seqtemberidan garkveuli regionuli

niSniT daiwyo sapensio politikis diferenciacia.

kerZod, q. TbilisSi mcxovreb asakiT pensionerebs

muSaobis staJis mixedviT daemataT 2, 5 da 10 lari. danamatis

simciris miuxedavad, aseTi politika dedaqalaqis

farglebs gareT mcxovreb pensionerebSi badebs did

ukmayofilebas, socialuri diskriminaciis gancdas da,

ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia socialuri samarTlianobis

TvalsazrisiT.

rac Seexeba socialur pensiebs, saqarTveloSi isinic

Zalian mcirea. xelfasis pensiiT Canacvlebis maCvenebeli

saqarTveloSi 30-33%-ia. minimaluri pensia saSualo xelfasis

1/5-sa da saarsebo minimumis daaxloebiT 30-35%- s seadgens. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, pensia ver

Seasrulebs im funqciebs, rac ekisreba mas moqalaqeTa

socialuri dacvis sferoSi.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom socialuri damarebis

saqarTveloSi moqmedi sistema uaRresad dauxvewavia. es

Zalian farTo Temaa, magram zogadi Sefasebis saxiT aRvni-

SnavT, rom is modeli, romelic SemoTavazebulia

saqarTveloSi siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi ojaxebis

socialuri daxmarebisaTvis, mouqneli, ZviradRirebuli

da araefeqtiania. igi, daxmarebis simciris gamo (daxmarebis

odenoba erT sulze saarsebo minimumis 1/4-sac ar

Seadgens,) realurad ver uzrunvelyofs siRaribis zRvars

miRma myofi ojaxebis amoyvanas siRatakidan. amasTan,

arsebobs seriozuli saSiSroeba, rom socialuri daxmarebis

sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis im mimarTulebiT

gagrZeleba, ra mimarTulebebiTac igi dRes xorcieldeba

(daxmarebebis warmarTva ukiduresad gaWirvebuli ojaxebis

mxolod mcire nawilze, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis

dacvis momsaxurebaze fasebis mkveTri zrda da a.S.) xels

Seuwyobs mosaxleobis umravlesobis lumpenizacias da

siRaribis daZleva saqarTvelosaTvis Soreul perspeqtivad

iqceva.

amrigad, saqarTveloSi ukanasknel periodSi ganxorcielebuli

cvlilebebiT aSkarad gauaresda pirobebi

socialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. ufro

metic, Sromisa da socialuri dacvis sferoSi moqmedi

kanonmdebloba xels uwyobs socialuri uTanasworobis

gaRrmavebas, rac saSiS tendenciad unda Sefasdes.

ra Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves Sromis sferoSi socialuri

uTanasworobis gaRrmavebas? mogexsenebaT, rom es Sedegebi

aris rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri

xasiaTis da sqematurad igi SeiZleba aseTi saxiT

warmovadginoT: mas Sedegad mohyveba mosaxleobaSi

ekonomikuri da socialuri polarizaciis gazrda; mosaxleobis

mniSvnelovani nawilis lumpenizacia da mas-

Tan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamwvaveba, maTi janmrTe lobis gauareseba, damnaSaveobis gazrda da a. S.; socialurad

daucveli kategoriebisaTvis saWiro saxelmwifo

saxsrebis gazrda; socialuri da politikuri ukmayofilebis

zrda mosaxleobis sakmaod seriozul nawil-

Si, risi logikuri Sedegicaa socialuri da politikuri

arastabiluroba da socialuri afeTqebis safrTxis

zrda. movlenebis aseTi scenariT ganviTareba ki, ra Tqma

unda, ar SeiZleba Sediodes ara marto xelisuflebis,

aramed arc erTi organizaciisa da arc erTi normalurad

moazrovne adamianis interesebSi. amitom, Cveni dRevandeli

gamosvlis mizani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom arsebul

problemebze xSiri saubriT, droulad moxdes maTze xelisuflebis

yuradRebis aqcentireba, raTa daigegmos da

gadaidgas nabijebi socialuri daZabulobis Sesarbileblad

da qveyanaSi socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad.

cnobilia, rom problemebis gadasaWrelad pirveli

nabijia saubari am problemebze da maT gamomwvev mizezebze.

Cveni TvalTaxedviT, memarcxeneobis mTavari mizani da

daniSnuleba ganviTarebis mocemul etapze, swored imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom xeli Seuwyos socialurad dabalansebuli

politikis gatarebas da stabilurobas, rac, saboloo

jamSi, momgebiania ara marto xelisuflebisaTvis,

aramed nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis da mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis