marina musxeliSvili
sazogadoebis dabruneba
Sesavali
saqarTvelom gamoiara post-sabWoTa transformaciis 20-wliani periodi. imedebi da Canafiqrebi diadi iyo, magram maTi aRsruleba Sorsaa sawyisi molodinisgan. Tumca ki cxovreba radikalurad gadasxvaferda, saboloo jamSi am periodma ar moitana is, rac mis suliskveTebas amoZravebda - arc demokratia, arc suvereniteti, arc teritoriuli mTlianoba da arc masobrivi keTildReoba. darCa mxolod imedi, rom viTarebis Secvla mainc SesaZlebelia, da am cvlilebaze samsjelod iwereba es statia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sedegebi srulad miRweuli ar aris, ganvlili periodi damTavrebulia, xolo axali tendenciebi sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebaze miuTiTeben. dawyebuli etapis Tvisobrivi gansxvavebuloba ganpirobebulia ara marto sakuTriv saqarTvelos Sida viTarebiTa da agvistos omis SedegebiT, aramed globaluri cvlilebebiTac. demokratizaciis mesame talRa, romlis logikas miyveboda saqarTvelos bolo aTwleulebis politikuri transformacia, dasrulebulia[1]. amaSi igulisxmeba ara marto is, rom msoflioSi demokratizaciis winsvlas ukusvlis tendencia Warbobs; pirvel rigSi aq igulisxmeba is, rom sakuTari potenciali amowura im ideologiurma muxtma, romelic am talRis strategiul mamoZravebels warmoadgenda. dRes sakmaod naTelia, rom im meTodebisa da midgomebis gamoyenebiT, rac bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi dominirebda - ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi - Seqmnili realobis gamosworeba ver moxerxdeba. saWiroa inovacia, ganvlili gamocdilebis gadaazreba, prioritetebis gadaxaliseba. amaze ara marto msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi metyvelebs, swored amgvari gzavnilebi jer kidev krizisis dawyebamde iyo barak obamas leqsikonSi, ramac mas esoden didi popularoba moutana msoflioSi.
risi bralia is usasrulo da damRleli politikuri brZolebi, romlebic qveyanaSi ukve 20 welia grZeldeba, da romlebic efeqturi da demokratiuli politikuri sistemis agebiT vera da ver damTavrda? am kiTxvaze ori gansxvavebuli pasuxi gaicema xolme - erTni miiCneven, rom es politikuri kulturis bralia, anu martivad rom vTqvaT, ar vvargivarT, xalxian-prezidentebianad, im kargi institutebis asamuSaveblad, romlebsac demokratia hqvia. sxvebs miaCnia, rom didi nawili Cveni warumateblobisa ganpirobebulia swored rom Seusabamo institutebis agebis mcdelobebiT, da rom swori institucionaluri inJineriiT viTarebis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia. am statiaSi Cven vecdebiT meore logias mivyveT. pirvel rigSi vaCvenebT, rom im konteqstSi, rasac saqarTvelo hqvia, im institucionalur models, romlis agebasac vcdilobT, ara aqvs wonasworobis wertili. anu Tuki Zveleburad gavagrZeleT, gvaqvs ori arasaxarbielo perspeqtiva - erTi aris demokratiisgan sabolood daSoreba da mezobel post-sabWoTa qveynebTan mimsgavseba, xolo meore - meti Tavisufleba da uflebebi, vidre gvaqvs amJamad, magram efeqturi da stabiluri mmarTvelobis miRwevis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom ganviTarebis axali institucionaluri mimarTuleba avirCioT, rac savsebiT SesaZlebelia, saWiroa axlidan vifiqroT da vimsjeloT imaze, Tu ra gvWirdeba da saiT mivdivarT, vinaidan Tuki davakvirdebiT, ganvlili periodis movlenebi TiTqmis maTematikuri sizustiT momdinareobs im Taviseburebebidan, romlebic institucionalur garemos axasiaTebs.
sabWoTa wyobam Camoayaliba saxelmwifo, romelsac warmarTavda ara moqalaqeTa neba, aramed mmarTvelTa garkveuli wris goni. demokratiuli gardaqmnebis ganvlilma periodma adamianTa nebas legitimacia SesZina, da mmarTvelobaSi misi monawileobis Teoriuli SesaZlebloba daakanona. ganasxvavebiT am orisgan, Semdgomi periodi unda mieZRvnes mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebeli mesame komponentis - sindisis da moralis politikur amoqmedebas. am mesame komponentis institucionaluri legitimaciiT Seikvreba qveynis politikuri transformaciis sruli wre. es ar niSnavs imas, rom mesame periodis bolos saqarTvelo gaxdeba aucileblobiT sruliad demokratiuli qveyana, aramed mxolod imas, rom qveyana gaxdeba politikuri erToba, romelsac ZaluZs sakuTari momavali Tavad warmarTos, romelic iyenebs politikuri cxovrebisTvis aucilebel yvela mTavar komponents - codnas, nebas da morals.
mocemuli statia Sedgeba ramdenime qveTavisgan. pirvel qveTavSi mokled moxazulia ganvlili perodis mTavari problema - neoliberaluri paradigmis dominantiT warmarTul gardaqmnebSi koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis sisustis problema. meore qveTavi axdens mocemuli problemis modelirebas TamaSTa Teoriis terminebSi, da erTmaneTs upirispirebs nulovanjamovan da aranulovanjamovan politikur urTierTqmedebas, rogorc politikuri sistemis maformirebel konkurentul da kooperirebaze agebul struqturul elementebs. mesame Tavi paralels avlebs am struqturul elementebsa da arsebuli dasavluri demokratiebis or tips Soris -maJoritarul (anglo-saqsuri) da konsesur (zogjer proporciulad wodebuli, kontinenturi evropa) demokratiebTan. meoTxe Tavi ubrundeba vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi saqarTvelos ganvlili gamocdilebis analizs da xsnis am periodis logikas racionaluri Tvalsawieridan. da bolos, mexuTe TavSi gaanalizebulia politikuri sistemis Semdgomi konsesualuri ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba.
1. gardaqmnebis pirveli faza, liberaluri proeqti
ZiriTadi debuleba, romelsac eyrdnoba mocemuli statia, aris is, rom demokratizaciis ganvlili ciklis calmxrivoba da nakluloba ganpirobebulia im neoliberaluri paradigmaluri xedviT da im warmodgenebis xasiaTiT, romelic jer kidev civi omis periodSi Camoyalibda. am warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa sistema eyrdnoboda koleqtivistur ideologias, rac mkveTrad ganasxvavebda mas dasavluri liberaluri demokratiebisgan. koleqtivizmis Canacvleba individualizmiT da individualizmis mier legitimirebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri institutebiT amdenad warmoadgenda yofili totalitaruli saxelmwifos demokratizaciis "liberalur proeqts".[2] am proeqtis ganxorcieleba politikis sferoSi institucionalurad gamoixateboda piradi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis damkvidrebaSi, politikuri pluralizmis daSvebaSi, mravalpartiulobaSi da konkurentuli politikuri Sejibris SemoRebaSi, romelic Tavisufal arCevnebs sistemis qvakuTxedad aqcevda. mokled, individualizmi da SejibrebiToba iyo is Rirebulebebi, romlebsac wamyvani roli unda Seesrulebia transformaciis praqtikulad yvela mimarTulebis - demokratizaciis, sabazro ekonomikis, vesternizaciisa da sxva mxriv. rac Seexeba koleqtiur Rirebulebebs, maT an ganixilavdnen rogorc individualuri Rirebulebebis martiv nakrebs (agregats), an rogorc ukve (Warbad) arsebuls, da, amgvarad, xelisSemSlels ganviTarebis axali gezis warmatebisTvis.
dRemde bevri avtoris TvalSi, demokratiis ganviTarebis xelisSemSlel faqtors warmoadgens sazogadoebis koleqtivizmi, romelic ganapirobebs politikur upasuxismgeblobas, konformizms, da, Tanac momdinareobs tradiciuli Rirebulebebis siZlierisgan. ". . . individualizmica da `mrevluri koleqtivizmic~ SeiZleba ganvixiloT erTi mxriv demokratiul-liberaluri, xolo meore mxriv – fundamentalistur-nacionalisturi paradigmebis WrilSi" -es citata farTod gavrcelebul azrs gamoxatavs[3]. demokratiul-liberaluri gardaqmna, am xedvis Tanaxmad, ukavSirdeba individualizms, individualizmi dasavlurobas, da orive erTad upirispirdeba koleqtivizms, romelic Zirs uTxris demokratiis ganviTarebas.
mocemuli xedva arasrulfasovania rogorc Teoriuli, aseve empiriuli Tvalsawieridan. jer erTi, liberaluri demokratiebi ubralod ver arseboben koleqtivizmis gareSe. Tavad politika xom koleqtiuri Rirebulebebisa da miznebis miRwevis xelovnebaa. da swored maSin xdeba sasicocxlo, rodesac es koleqtiuri miznebi ver miiRweva individualuri swrafvebis ubralo SejamebiT (agregirebiT)[4]. Tuki koleqtiuri miznebis gulisTvis ar xdeba zogjer mainc piradi miznebis ukan gadaweva, politikuri sazogadoeba ver iqmneba. SesaZlebelia, amgvari xedvebis avtorebs ufro zusti terminologia rom gamoeyenebiaT, isini realobasTan ufro axlos aRmoCeniliyvnen. savaraudod, talkot parsonsis iseTi modeluri cvladebi (pattern variables),[5] rogorebicaa partikularizmi da universalizmi, ufro karg SesabamisobaSia im ideebTan, romelTa gadmocema am avtorebs surT, vidre individualizmi da koleqtivizmi.
rodesac amgvar terminologias sabWoTa disidentebi iyenebdnen, is iyo adeqvaturi, vinaidan maSin maT ar SeeZloT politikuri miznebis dasaxva. es terminologia Seesabameboda maT swrafvas ar yofiliyvnen valdebuli gaeziarebiaT saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli ideologia da cxovrebis wesi, anu saxelmwifo koleqtivizmis normebi. demokratiis mSeneblobis gzaze damdgar damoukidebel saqarTveloSi koleqtivizmis dagmobam sul sxva xasiaTi SeiZina. koleqtivizmi awi ara saxelmwifosTan, aramed sazogadoebasTan gaxda asocirebuli. amgvari asocireba ki aZlevs "prodasavlur individualistebs" moralur gamarTlebas maSin, rodesac isini arademokratiulad iqcevian da sazogadoebas ara demokratiis sayrdenad, aramed mis xelisSemSlel faqtorad miiiCneven.
empiriulad mocemuli xedvis mcdaroba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom 80-iani wlebis sabWoTa sazogadoebebi praqtikulad ar xasiaTdeboda raime koleqtiuri normebis arsebobiT, rac dRemde saTanadod ar aris gaazrebuli. sabWoTa oficialuri ideologia ki iyo koleqtivisturi, magram mas aranairad ar Seuqmnia koleqtivisturi sazogadoeba, romelic sajaro koleqtiuri normebiT iqneboda Sekruli. piriqiT, totalitarul reJims gamovlili sabWoTa sazogadoebebi xasiaTdeboda Zlieri atomizebiTa da anomiiT. am sazogadoebas aklda ara marto individualizmi, aramed koleqtivizmic, xolo orives erTad Zlieri konformizmi da statizmi (state -ze, saxelmwifoze mTeli pasuxismgeblobis gadabareba) anacvlebda. konformizmi arademokratiuli da araTavisufali saxelmwifos mimarT aramc da aramc ar SeiZleba SegveSalos koleqtivizmSi, romelic sazogadoebis, da ara saxelmwifos siZlieris maxasiaTebelia. korufciis maRali done, romelic post-sabWoTa sazogadoebebs mosdevs, ukavSirdeba swored rom koleqtivizmis naklebobas, da ara mis siZlieres.
nawili mainc gaugebrobisa, romelic individualizmisa da koleqtivizmis Sesaxeb diskursebs axasiaTebs, momdinareobs terminologiuri aRrevebisgan. koleqtivizmi rogorc Cans, xSirad asocirebulia mis arademokratiul (partikularistul) formebTan, rodesac umravlesobis nebis aRsruleba xdeba pirovnebis/umciresobis ganadgurebis xarjze. amgvari koleqtivizmis uaryofa praqtikaSi xSirad gadadis sapirispiro ubedurebis damkvidrebaSi - umravlesobis uflebebis SezRudvaSi da umciresobis diqtaturis damyarebaSi. amis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia, Tuki gavixsenebT, rom koleqtivizmisa da individualizmis ganmartebebi maT ararevoluciur interpretirebebSi gulisxmoben mxolod upiratesobebis miniWebas erT-erTi Rirebulebisadmi, da ara meoris srul urayofas da ukugdebas. postsabWoTa sazogadoebebis problema mdgomareobs ara imaSi, rom koleqtiuri miznebi da Rirebulebebi dominireben pirovnulze, an piriqiT, aramed imaSi, rom koleqtiur da individualur Rirebulebebs Soris arsebobs Rrma ufskruli, romelic maT polarizebas warmoqmnis. piradi miznebis miRwevisken swrafva angrevs koleqtiur interesebs, xolo koleqtiuri miznebis win wamoweva ewinaaRmdegeba individebis interesebs. individualizmis gaigivebam demokratiasTan xolo koleqtivizmis sabWour memkvidreobasTan am problemis Sesustebas ki ar Seuwyo xeli, aramed mis gaRrmavebas. demokratias sWirdeba rogorc erTi, aseve meore. rac ufro metad ebrZvis individualizmi koleqtivizms, miT ufro metad uwyobs xels individebis atomizebas da sazogadoebis dasustebas.
SemdgomSi am gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad Cven Tavs avaridebT individualizmze da koleqtivizmze saubars, sanacvlod vilaparakebT individualur (pirovnul) da koleqtiur miznebze da Rirebulebebze da maTi miRwevis strategiebze. konkurencia, Sejibri iqneba ganxiluli im viTarebis aRwerad, rodesac pirovneba iswrafvis miaRwios pirvel rigSi sakuTar mizans, xolo sxvebi mas ainteresebs imdenad, ramdenadac am miznis miRwevas xels uwyoben Tu ewinaaRmdegebian. kooperacia, erToblivi qmedeba aRwers im viTarebas, rodesac adamianTa jgufi cdilobs miaRwios saerTo mizans, romelic yvelasTvis (TiToeulisaTvis) misaRebi da sasurveli iqneba. pirveli viTarebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens vaWrobis Sedegad miRweuli kompromisi, rodesac TiToeuli mxare aRwevs sasurvelis nawils, im winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac mas meore mxare uwevs. meore viTarebis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens nawilobrivi konsesusi, rodesac saerTo mizani ver moicavs yvela pirovnul mizans da pirovnul miznebze orientirebuli qmedebebis nawili izRudeba. rogorc pirveli, aseve meore modeli, amdenad, zRudavs pirovnebis arCevanis Tavisuflebas imiT, rom mas sxva adamianebis sazogadoebaSi uwevs moqmedeba da amdenad maTTvis angariSis gaweva, magram es sxvadasxva Rirebulebebis safuZvleze xdeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi metia egoisturi swrafvebi, xolo meoreSi Warbobs altruistuli ganwyobebi.
Tuki am kuTxiT SevxedavT, davinaxavT, rom garkveuli gagebiT is politikuri da ekonomikuri konkurencia, romlebsac amkvidrebs liberaluri proeqti, ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba im warmodgenebs politikaze, romelic sabWourobidan momdinareobs, aramed maT ganamtkicebs. erTic da meorec konfliqts da dapirispirebas ixilavs (dialeqtikuri) ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi mizani miRweulia rodesac oponenti ganadgurebulia, xolo meoreSi ganadgureba miznad ar isaxeba, sakmarisia ubralo upirtesobis miRweva. amdenad gansxvaveba konkurenciis samarTliani wesebis dacvaSia, rasac liberalizmi garkveulwilad ixilavs eqsternaliad, anu arapolitikur da araekonomikur sarCulad, romelSiac moTavsebulia konkurencia. es proeqti verafers ambobs imaze, Tu rogor unda warmoiqmnas es normebi, Tuki ar arsebobds maTi damkvidrebis aranairi racionaluri politikuri logika. sinamdvileSi isini konkurenciis gziT arc warmoiqmneba, rogorc amas ganvlili gamocdileba aCvenebs, xolo Sejibris is monawile, romelsac amis SesaZlebloba eZleva, warmatebiT irgebs rogorc moTamaSis, aseve msajulis funqciebs, rac sabWoTa warsulis ganmeorebasa da reinkarnacias ufro waagavs, vidre liberaluri demokratiis damkvidrebas.
aseve unda iTqvas, rom liberalizmi dasavlur tradiciaSi arasdros yofila mxolod da mxolod egoisturi kerZo sferos triumfi saerTo, koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis sapirispirod. liberalizmi, sxva dasavlur tradiciebTan erTad, rogorebicaa humanizmi, romantizmi Tu respublikanizmi[6], yovelTvis qmnida da qmnis saerTo Rirebulebebsac, romlebic uzrunvelyofen saxelmwifos, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da ekonomikuri institucionaluri wesrigis legitimacias. magram dasavleTis istoriuli ganviTarebis es aspeqti sakmaod daCrdila bolo aTwleulebis dominanturma neoliberalurma paradigmam, romlis erT-erTi wamyvani adeptis, margaret tetCeris ganTqmuli gamonaTqvami, "ar arsebobs iseTi cneba rogoricaa sazogadoeba, arseboben mxolod individebi"[7] zustad gamoxatavs am periodis meinstrims. gulubryvilo warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom Tavisufali individebi avtomaturad warmoqmnian saerTo Rirebulebebs individualuri Rirebulebebis ubralo agregirebiT ar Seesabameba arc logikasa da arc istoriul gamocdilebas, magram es faqti uyuradRebod iqna darCenili didi xnis ganmavlobaSi.
Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo koleqtiuri normebis arsebobis TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda vidre ruseTi, vinaidan aq meti iyo araformaluri (metwilad Crdilovani) socialuri kapitali da solidarobis normebi. magram es susti socialuri kapitali ki ar gaZlierda, aramed Sesustda Semdgom periodSi, rodesac saxelmwifo damoukideblobam da mozvavebulma aqcentma individualizaciaze adre arsebuli erToblivi qcevis normebi Searyia. araformaluri socialuri qselebi Sesustda, samagierod mZlavrad ifeTqa nacionalizmma, faSizmma, saxelmwifo ideologiis nairnairi formebis Ziebam, ramac saboloo jamSi TviT "dasavleTi" da "nato" aqcia saxelmwifo ideologiis msgavs sloganebad, yovel SemTxvevaSi, statizmis garkveul nairsaxeobad.
urTierTxelSemwyobi individualuri da koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba arc ise advilia. post-sabWoTa Tavisuflebebis ucabedad da moulodnelad miRebam moitana is, rom koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba ufro Zneli aRmoCnda, vidre individualurebis. "naCuqari" Tavisuflebis neoliberaluri proeqti pirvel xanebSi ufro adviladac ki xorcieldeboda atomizirebul sazogadoebaSi. erTmaneTTan sustad SekavSirebuli individebi, romlebsac wyuriaT Tavisufleba da warmateba, swrafad irgeben mis racionalistur logikas, romelic maT egoistur moqmedebas amarTlebs da gasaqans aZlevs. gacilebiT ufro Znelia amgvar sazogadoebaSi daamkvidro koleqtiuri Rirebulebebi, iseTebi, rogorebicaa morali, eTika, wesiereba, ndoba, solidaroba da sxva, rac pirovnebisgan garkveul pasuxismgeblobasa da sazogadoebis winaSe angariSvaldebulebas moiTxovs.
liberaluri proeqti TavisTavad ver amkvidrebs koleqtiur Rirebulebebs, xolo mis gareSe ver ganviTardeba kerZo sferos avtonomia. am proeqtis warumateblobis aRiareba, amdenad, ar niSnavs liberalizmis uaryofas, aramed uaris Tqmas misi neoliberaluri versiis deterministul erTganzomilebian xasiaTze. organzomilebian sibrtyeSi ganviTarebis veqtoris gadatana ar ayenebs arc koleqtiuri da arc individualuri Rirebulebebis dominaciisTvis brZolis saWiroebas, aramed maT Soris mimarTebebis gzebis Ziebas.
SesaZloa es yovelive sxva, ufro gasagebi terminologiiTac aRweriliyo, vinaidan qarTul sajaro diskursSi liberaluri proeqti aRmoCnda translirebuli sxva terminologiaSi, is xSirad arasworad gagebulia sagareo urTierTobebis WrilSi. iyo liberali niSnavs iyo prodasavluri da piriqiT. garkveulwilad am aRrevis mizezi isic aris, rom is swored is proeqtia, romelic, gansxvavebiT transformaciis sxva, ufro endogenuri komponentebisgan, SesaZloa gare aqtoebis mxardaWeriT da/an globalizaciis gavleniT viTardebodes. misgan gansxvavebiT koleqtiuri Rirebulebebis damkvidreba sazogadoebas mxolod Signidan da TavisTavad SeuZlia, da amaSi is sakuTar TavTan garkveul ganmartoebas saWiroebs.
2. politika da sazogadoeba: vinc wesebs arRvevs, ar veTamaSebiT
individualur da koleqtiur miznebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli institucionaluri mimarTebebi politikuri sazogadoebis struqturul sawyisebs ayalibeben. am TavSi Cven vecdebiT movaxdinoT am struqturuli elementebis martivi modelireba, raTa Tavi avaciloT politikis Teoriis siRrmeebSi wasvlas. msjelobas TamaSTa Teoriis WrilSi gadaviyvanT. sakvanZo cnebebad konkurentul da kooperaciul TamaSebs gamoviyenebT. es modelebi mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tamamad gaaigivos individualuri an koleqtiuri miznebis miRwevaze mimarTul strategiebad, an, ufro martivad, ifiqros maTze rogorc konkurenciaze da kooperirebaze politikaSi. ufro siRrmiseulad SeiZleboda laparaki imaze, rom dasavlur demokratias qmnis ramdenime politikuri tradiciis erToblioba, maT Soris istoriulad liberalizmi da respublikanizmi wamyvan rols TamaSobda. orive TamaSTa Teoriis modelebiT SeiZleba warmovaCinoT, Tumca Cven am Temas mocemuli statiis farglebSi Semdgom ar ganvavrcobT. amis sanacvlod mogvianebiT ufro met yuradRebas davuTmobT am modelebis misadagebas sxvadasxva tipis demokratiebis sakonstitucio modelebis Taviseburebebs.
pirvel modelSi wamyvan rols konkurencia TamaSobs. warmoidgineT safexburTo moedani, romelzedac ori gundi ejibreba erTmaneTs gamarjvebis mosapoveblad. jamurad orive gundis mogeba-wagebebis jami nolia, is rac erTma gundma moigo, meorem unda waagos. TamaSis wesebi TamaSis dawyebamde dadgenilia, da gundebi am dadgenil wesebs unda asrulebdnen, TamaSis procesSi wesebis Secvla maT kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. wesebis sakontroleblad arseboben msajebi, romlebsac miukerZoebloba da neitraloba moeTxovebaT, da garda amisa TamaSs akvirdeba mayurebelTa stadioni, romelic uSualod TamaSSi ar monawileobs. gare damkvirveblis (damkvirveblebis) arseboba am modelSi aucilebelia, da arsebiTi. gamarjveba moTamaSeTa mTavar racionalur mizans warmoadgens, xolo siamovneba, romelsac Rebuloben mayureblebi TamaSis yurebisgan, anu sargebeli am sportisgan, maTTvis mxolod gverdiTi produqtia, da ara TavisTavadi Rirebuleba.
politikis es nulovanjamovani modeli konkurencias aTavsebs politikuri qmedebis SuagulSi da mkafiod asxvavebs erTmaneTisgan moTamaSeebs (politikur partiebs, politikur elitas, fexburTelebis eqvivalenti) da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, romelic mayurebelia da TamaSis Semfasebelia ufro, vidre monawile. am modelSi politikuri partia moTamaSea, xolo moqalaqe - mayurebeli, da politika ufro elitebis saqmea, vidre sazogadoebisa. politika, romelsac gamarjvebuli partia gaatarebs, ufro am Sejibris gverdiTi produqtia, vidre TviTmizani SejibrSi monawile moTamaSeTaTvis.
amgvari elitisturi sanaxaobrivi politika sakmaod misaRebia post-sabWoTa individebisTvis, romlebic tradiciulad naklebad iReben pasuxismgeblobas politikur gadawyvetilebebze da ufro garedan urCevniaT mas daakvirdnen, vidre masSi CaerTon. amdenad am modelis danergva Tavidan rTulad ar gamoiyureboda. mTavari problema, romelic warmoiqmna, iyo is, rom "TamaSi fexburTis moedanze" ver Svelis imis gardaqmnas, rac am TamaSis irgvliv xdeba. anu politikis cnebis daviwroeba da sazogadoebis faqtobrivad am cnebis miRma datoveba ver uzrunvelyofs TamaSis wesebis damcveli institutebis warmoqmnas. gare samyaroc (amerika umTavresad) romelsac amgvari msajulis roli mudmivad miewereboda Tu ekuTvnoda sxva, ukeTesi alternativebis ararsebobis fonze, ver aRmoCnda am rolis Semsrulebeli. wlebis ganmavlobaSi is adamianebi/institutebi, romlebic politikur miukerZoeblobaze da neitralobaze debdnen Tavs, sinamdvileSi imavdroulad politikuri TamaSis monawileebi aRmoCdnebodnen xolme.
meore aris mogeba-mogebaze orientirebuli modeli. es TamaSi naklebad mkacria da reglamentirebuli wesebisa da molodinebis TvalsazrisiT. warmoidgineT ezo da bavSvebi, romlebic am ezoSi gamovidnen saTamaSod. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvebis mTavari mizania ara mogeba, da ara mayurebloba, aramed Tanamonawileoba, drois erTad tareba. yvelas unda TamaSi, da amdenad aravin rCeba msajad, mayureblad da neitralur, gare damkvirveblad. monawile mxarec, rogorc wesi metia, vidre ori. amitom TamaSi sxvanairad warimarTeba. TamaSis wesebi dgindeba mis dawyebamde, xolo maTi dacvis meTvalyureoba Tavad monawileTa funqciaa. Tuki vinme maT arRvevs, danarCenebs SeuZliaT uTxran mas - Sen Cvens wesebs ar icav, wadi dedikosTan, Cven aRar geTamaSebiT. SeiZleba sxvanairadac moxdes, TamaSi droebiT Sewydes, da is wesebi, romlebic manamde arsebobda, monawileTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT Seicvalos. Sejibri da konkurencia, amdenad, am SemTxvevaSic mniSvnelovania, magram es swored rom is SemTxvevaa, rodesac imarjvebs megobroba pirvel rigSi.
am viTarebas aqvs erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba winasTan SedarebiT. is politikas sxva xasiaTs aniWebs. amgvari politika SeiZleba ganxorcieldes maSinac, rodesac neitraluri da miukerZoebeli msajulis rolis Semsrulebeli ar arsebobs. masSi politika aRar aris sazogadoebisgan mowyvetili saqmianoba, romelic Sesabamis kvalifikacias da "wvrTnas" moiTxovs, misi arsi cxovrebiseulia da yvelasaTvis gasagebi. is cxovrebis nawilia, da amdenad aRaravin aris neitraluri da miukerZoebeli, vinaidan yvela monawilea -politikisgan gandgoma niSnavs sazogadoebidan gandgomas. mTeli sazogadoeba dayofilia avtonomiur qve-jgufebad (moTamaSeebad), romlebic iswrafvian erTad miiRon monawileoba qveynis mSeneblobaSi. mTavari Rirebuleba am TamaSisa misi monawileebisTvis am SemTxvevaSi aris procesi, monawileoba, cxovreba. Tavad politika am SemTxvevaSi icvleba - is aRar aris abstraqtuli msjelobs "natos wevrobaze", aramed politika xdeba is, rasac qmnis sazogadoeba, misi Sinagani struqtura.
am meore modelis aucilebloba Cveni realobisTvis ramdenime faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli. pirveli aris is, rom mxolod meore TamaSis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia Tavad TamaSis wesebi gaxdes msjelobisa da gardaqmnis sagani. gansxvavebiT pirvelisgan, rodesac TamaSis wesebi gare faqtors warmoadgens, TamaSis eqsternaliaa, da ar rCeba maTze politikuri zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi. meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani upiratesoba am wesisa aris is, rom is amcirebs polarizebas sazogadoebaSi. nacvlad gamokveTili dapirispirebisa, sadac ori mxare ibrZvis erTmaneTze gamarjvebis mosapoveblad, am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs bevri moTamaSe, romlebsac uwevT erTmaneTTan sajaro SeTanxmebebis miRweva, erTmaneTisTvis angariSis gaweva imisTvis, rom TamaSi saerTod Sedges.
naklovaneba meore TamaSisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is moiTxovs dros da ganwyobas. saqarTveloSi amas xels uSlis sazogadoebis narCeni mentaloba - fatalizmi, konformizmi da pasiuroba - anu sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis sisuste, romelic warsulidan aris moyolebuli. maTi daZlevis aucilebloba isev da isev gvabrunebs adre dasmul sakiTxTan - jer politikuri kultura Tu jer institutebi. am kiTxvas rom gavceT saTanado pasuxi, unda kargad warmovidginoT, Tu ra institutebzea laparaki. bolos Cven davubrundebiT aq dasmul kiTxvas.
Tuki kargad davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom rogorc erTi aseve meore modeli - fexburTs da ezoSi TamaSs vgulisxmob - moicavs konkurenciisa da kooperirebis elementebs. fexburTis dawyebamde wesebis dadgena, xolo misi damTavrebis Semdeg Sedegebis aRiareba am TamaSis kooperaciuli elementebia. aseTive mimdevroba arsebobs bavSvebis TamaSSi - wesebis dadgena, konkurencia da Sedegebis aRiareba. nebismieri koleqtiuri, anu socialuri qmedeba yovelTvis Sedgeba am elementebis garkveuli mimdevrobisgan. da orive, konkurenciac da kooperirebac, mxolod maSin Seesabameba demokratiis standartebs, Tuki yvela izonomiis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba - anu Tanabrad legitimuria rogorc procesis monawile. amis indikatoria TamaSis ganmeorebadoba - ramdenad moyveba konkurenciis etaps kooperirebis etapi gansazRvravs imas, Tu ramdenad Sedgeba imave moTamaSeebs Soris Sejibri/urTierToba momavalSi. swored rom ganmeorebiToba warmoadgens mTavar problemas maSin, rodesac xelisufleba avtoritarulia, an xelisuflebis cvlileba ki xdeba, magram revoluciuri gziT. amis wyaros post-sabWoTa sivrceSi warsulic ganapirobebs, da siaxlec.
politikur sazogadoebad cxovreba 20 wlis win iyo is siaxle, romelic misdami damokidebulebis formirebas moiTxovda, da es damokidebuleba SesaZloa ganviTarebuliyo xsenebuli ori modelis, konkurenciisa da kooperirebis mimarTulebiT - mimarTulebebiT, romlebic idealuri tipebis saxiT met-naklebobiT monawileoben nebismieri dasavluri demokratiis formirebaSi. magram demokratiis mSenebloba daiwyo sazogadoebiT, romelsac saerTod ar gaaCnda politikuri cxovrebis aranairi gamocdileba da praqtika. totalitaruli saxelmwifo icnobs oponentebTan urTierTobis mxolod erT tips - uaryofas, romelic logikurad gulisxmobs uaryofili socialuri jgufebis/ideologiebis gandevnas Zalauflebis sferodan, maT delegitimacias da, sabolood maT ganadgurebas/fizikur mospobas, rac xdeboda kidec stalinis periodSi. stalini efeqturi iyo swored imitom, rom bolomde SeeZlo ganadgurebis logikis miyvana. postsabWoTa viTarebaSi ganadgureba gaxda Zneli, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, da misi adgili daikava ignorirebam. perestroikis Semdeg saqarTveloSi am logikiT Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis gagrZelebis mcdelobebi mudmivad meordeba, magram efeqtur mmarTvelobas veRar ukavSirdeba, vinaidan ukve ver midis bolomde, Tavis logikur dasasrulamde. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom rame alternativebi damkvidrda.
konkurenciisa da kooperirebis tradiciis ararsebobis viTarebaSi an politikuri veli iketeba arademokratiuli da araTavisufali mmarTvelobiT, an politikis polarizeba xdeba erTaderTi SesaZlebloba. atomizirebul sazogadoebas warmatebiT SeuZlia iTamaSos maJoritaruli konkurenciuli TamaSi, magram mxolod erTjeradad, rodesac damarcxebuli idevneba politikuri velidan zemoaRniSnuli logikis Sesabamisad. swored amgvarad moxda Tavis droze saqarTvelos teritoriuli gaxleCva, Tumca aq unda davubrundeT konkurentuli TamaSebis nairsaxeobas - kompromiss.
urTierTmisaRebi kompromisi - es aris is cneba, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba koleqtiuri qmedebis SesaZleblobas maSin rodesac Warbobs individualuri miznebi koleqtiurze. Tuki amgvari kompromisi ar arsebobs, maSin koleqtiuri qmedeba gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone aqtorTa Soris aris SeuZlebeli. urTierTmisaRebi kompromisis arseboba TavisTavad ar niSnavs imas, rom aqtorebi airCeven kooperirebas, rogorc strategias, konkurenciis sanacvlod. magram rogorc minimum, maT amgvari strategiis arCevis Teoriuli SesaZlebloba eqnebaT. Tuki amgvari kompromisi ar Cans, magram aqtorebi ganwyobilebi arian rom iTanamSromlon, is SesaZloa Seiqmnas, an gamoikveTos, politikuri procesis Sedegad, da es aris politikis xelovnebis erT erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, romelic politikas xdis sazogadoebis cxovrebis aucilebel elementad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis or an met jgufs ar an ver ekveTebaT saerTo kompromisuli interesebi, maSin isini erT demokratiul da Tanaswor politikur sazogadoebad ver icxovreben, vinaidan maT Soris mudmivi omi iqneba. maTi Tanacxovreba erT saxelmwifoSi SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi nawilis mier meoris "dapyrobisa" da damorCilebis Sedegad, avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi.
kooperirebis etapi politikaSi, amdenad, SeiZleba niSnavdes ara marto saerTo miznis arsebobas, aramed urTierTmisaRebi kompromisebis moZebnas, xolo konkurenciis etapi saWiroebs msgavsi interesebis mqone moqalaqeTa erTobliv qmedebas mowinaaRmdgeTa mimarT warmatebisTvis sabrZolad. "jer kargad gavimijnoT, rom mere viTanamSromloT" - ambobda diadi lenini, Tumca mere aRar iTanamSromla, aramed ubralod "daCmora" "burJuaziuli oportunistebi". jer kooperireba, xolo mere konkurencia Tu piriqiT - es kiTxva zogadad upasuxoa, vinaidan am etapebis monacvleoba aucilebelia nebismieri politikuri procesis CarCoebSi. dabla Cven vnaxavT, rom am etapebis monacvleobis sakiTxi sxvadasxvanairad aris gadawyvetili formaluri institucionaluri mowyobiT gansxvavebuli tipis demokratiebSi. Jan Jak ruso miiCnevda, rom jer konkurencia mere kooperireba xelis uSlis sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis, anu mTeli sazogadoebis mier saerTo miznis Camoyalibebas. hobsi ki, piriqiT, xedavda konkurencias "yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg" saerTo kompromisis saWiroebis winapirobad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom individualizmi da koleqtivizmi gansxvadebian ara imaSi, rom uaryofen konkurenciidan an kooperirebidan erT-erTs, aramed imaSi, rom sxvadasxvanairad xedaven maT bunebriv mimdevrobas politikur procesSi.
radganac saqarTvelos ganviTareba wina transformaciis periodSi konkurenciis sqemiT warimarTa, am etapze kiTxvis dasma imis Taobaze, Tu romeli unda uswrebdes win meores, cota dagvianebuli iqneboda. atomizirebuli sazogadoebidan Cven ukve gadaviqeciT Zlierad polarizebul sazogadoebad, rac garkveul analizs moiTxovs.
stadionze mjdom mayureblebs ar moeTxovebaT did aqtioba maRali emociuri muxtis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac isini ama Tu im gunds gulSematkivroben. maT SeuZliaT Semqnan fanebis klubebi, da SeuZliaT ar Seqmnan - sul erTia, es aqtioba sakmaod pasiur xasiaTs atarebs, da aranair kooperirebas ar moiTxovs. politikuri simpatiebi da Sexedulebebi am modeliT mowyobil politikur sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba iyos sakmod xisti, mtkice da individualisturi. wesiT da rigiT, Tuki dairRva TamaSis wesebi, stadioni unda gaerTiandes damnaSavis dasasjelad da wesrigis aRsadgenad. magram demokratizaciis procesSi myof qveyanaSi ase ar xdeba, vinaidan TamaSis wesebi Tavad warmoadgenen TamaSis nawils, da usamarTlod mogebuli gundis gulSematkivrebi ar Tmoben poziciebs. kooperirebis sisustis fonze xdeba polarizeba. igive xdeba Tuki ori mxaris poziciebi imdenad aris daSorebuli erTimeores, rom maT Soris kompromisuli veli ar aris darCenili, anu ar arsebobs iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic misaRebi Tu ara, aRiarebadi mainc yofiliyo wagebuli mxarisTvis. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aseTi TamaSi or gunds Soris aris erTjeradi, vinaidan damarcxebuli samudamod tovebs asparezss - rac araerTxel momxdara ukve saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi da savaraudod kidev moxdeba momavalSi.
politikuri polarizeba, amdenad, SesaZlebelia droebiT Camoyalibdes atomizirebul sazogadoebaSi, rac qmnis politikuri cxovrebis iluzias. zogierTi avtoris azriT, Tuki saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba Seicvala erTi-orjer arCevnebis gziT, SeiZleba vilaparakoT imaze, rom am qveyanaSi aris konsolidirebuli demokratia. Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinare, demokratiis konsolidaciis am kriteriumis sanacvlod sxva kriteriumi SeiZleboda SemogveTavazebia - qveyana maSin aris konsolidirebuli demokratia, rodesac xelisuflebidan arCevnebiT wasuli politikuri Zala axerxebs xelisuflebaSi dabrunebas aseve arCevnebis gziT, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi rCeba politikaSi. es kriteriumi imis maniSnebeli iqneboda, rom konkurenciis da kooperirebis etapebi erTmaneTTan monacvleoben. Semdegi paragrafi eZRvneba konkurenciisa da kooperirebis institucionalizaciis sxvadasxva formebs gansxvavebul sakonstitucio modelebSi.
3. maJoritaruli da konsesuri demokratiebi
politikuri sistema iwyeba ara konstituciiT, aramed sazogadoebiT. es mtkicebuleba ar aris sapirwone im rwmenisa, romelic statiis dasawyisSi iyo gamoTqmuli - rwmenisa, rom institutebis gonivruli SecvliT SesaZloa politikuri klimatis gaumjobeseba. calke aRebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebi arafris Semcvleli iqneboda sazogadoebaSi, Tuki am transformacias ara eqneboda kompleqsuri, yovlismomcveli xasiaTi, gamWoli qveynis cxovrebis mTel sxeulSi. SesaZloa mimdevrobas cvlilebebisa ar hqondes didi mniSvneloba - magram garkveuli droiTi mibmuloba arsebiTia. ase rom rodesac vambob rom politikuri sistema "iwyeba" sazogadoebiT, es ar unda gavigoT rogorc sakonstitucio cvlilebebis samomavlod gadadeba. ubralod sakonstitucio cvlilebebi ver iqneba gagebuli da damkvidrebuli Sesabamisi konteqstualuri ideologiuri gardaqmnis gareSe.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqaT, mmaTveloba iwyeba imiTi, Tu rogor xedaven mas qveynis moqalaqeebi. axal sakonstitucio mowyobaze saubari gvabrunebs imasTan, Tu rogor aris gagebuli saqarTveloSi demokratiuli mmarTveloba. Tuki ar iarsebebs axleburi xedva, gaziarebuli sazogadoebis didi nawilis mier mainc, azri ara aqvs sakonstitucio cvlilebebze laparaks, vinaidan gamocdilebam bevrjer gviCvena, rom is kanonebi, romlebic ar aris gamagrebuli realuri praqtikiT da sazogadoebrivi RirebulebebiT, ubralod an ver moqmedeben, an moiTxoven swored rom ukanonobasa da arakonstituciurobas maT cxovrebaSi gasatareblad.
ganwyoba, romelic sasikeTo unda iyos politikuri klimatis Sesacvlelad, sazogadoebaSi namdvilad arsebobs - es aris daRliloba usasrulo 20-wliani politikuri konkurenciiT, romelsac Sedegi ver moyveba. rogorc Cans, "zazunas dRe" saqarTveloSi arasdros ar damTavrdeba manam, sanam konkurencias garkveuli kooperireba ar daemateba. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs mZafri moTxovnileba ufro met kooperirebaze politikaSi - rac ar gamoricxavs, aramed SesaZloa gulisxmobs kidec mZafri gadawyvetilebebis saWiroebas manam, sanam es ganwyoba axal sakonstitucio da mmarTvelobiT formebSi gadava. amdenad, Semobruneba demokratiis im gagebisken, romelic metad eyrdnoba koleqtiur, da ara konkurentul midgomebs, principSi SesaZlebelia. am gansxvavebul demokratias SesaZlebelia ufro respublikis saxeli udgebodes, xolo Tavad demokratizaciis procesi SesaZloa "respublikanizaciis" saxiT warmogveCina, Tumca es terminologia ar aris miRebuli am formiT dRevandel politikur diskurSi. am diskursis ufro Sesaferisi terminologiiT SesaZloa evropul da amerikul, an ufro swored, anglo-saqsur da kontinentur demokratiebze vilaparakoT. konkurenciisa da kooperirebis institucionalizaciis gansxvavebuli formebi sakvanZo rols TamaSoben demokratiis im ori tipis erTamneTisgan gansasxvaveblad, romlebzedac Cven gveqneba laparaki.
demokratiis martivi gagebiT, mmarTveloba ekuTvnis umravlesobas. arCevnebis gziT irkveva, Tu vin aris es umravlesoba, mis mier wardgenili liderebi ayalibeben mmarTvelobas da Rebuloben qveyanaSi mTel Zalauflebas, romelic ekuTvniT maT manam, sanam isev da isev arCevnebis gziT ar gamovlindeba, rom umravlesobis simpatiebma awi ukve sxva liderebis mxares gadainacvla. umciresoba ar monawileobs gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. erTaderTi, rac umravlesobis tiranias am SemTxvevaSi zrudavs aris Zalauflebis diferencireba, misi gadanawileba, rac uzrunvelyofs sasamarTlos damoukideblobas, adamianis uflebebis dacvas da TamaSis sxva wesebs, romlebzedac umravlesoba gavlenas ver axdens. samarTliani konkurencia metnaklebad aiZulebs umravlesobas imoqmedos gaxsnilad saparlamento gziT da daasabuTos sakuTari politika mTeli mosaxleobis TvalSi. martivad rom vTqvaT, amgvari demokratiis mTavari formaluri maxasiaTeblebi esadageba konkurencias garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, romelSiac "mogebuls miaqvs yvelaferi" manam, sanam TamaSis romelime momdevno raundSi mas vinme sxva ar mougebs. klasikuri modeli amgvari demokratiisa aris britaneTi, romlis konstitucia vestminsteris modelis saxeliT aris cnobili. garkveulwilad, es modeli Cveni safexburTo Sejibris Sesatyvisia, rogorc Cans, britanuli politikuri kulturis maxasiaTebelia sportuli TamaSis samarTliani wesebis dacvis mtkice pativiscema.
konsesuri[8], an, rogorc mas uwodeben, "molaparakebebis" demokratia, ara imdenad umravlesobis mmarTvelobis momxrea, ramdenadac "rac SeiZleba metis" monawileobisa mmrTvelobaSi.[9] umravlesoba da umciresoba aq naklebad mniSvnelovani terminebia, arCevnebis gziT umravleobis neba ki ar formirdeba, arCevnebi mxolod ayalibeben "reitingul ganawilebas" sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebsa da seqtoerebs Soris. mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeba realurad formireba im mTavrobisa da politikisa, romelic umravlesobis mxardaWeras moipovebs. molaparakebebi, anu kooperireba aseTi qveynebis formalur politikur sistemaSi sakmaod did rols TamaSoben, maT gareSe efeqturi mmarTvelobis Camoyalibeba xSirad metad Zneli xdeba. politikuri gadawyvetilebis legitimacia aq eyrdnoba ara imdenad umravlesobis princips (amirCies da vakeTeb rasac miviCnev sworad, veravin xels ver SemiSlis), ramdenadac yvela politikuri Zalis pasuxismgeblur Tanamonawileobas da am gadawyvetilebis dabalansebulobas gansxvavebuli azrebis mxedvelobaSi miRebasTan erTad. kontinenturi evropis saparlamento demokratiebis did nawili swored konsesuri wesiTaa formirebuli. es modeli Cveni meore modelis Sesatyvisia, da momdinareobs istoriuli gamocdilebidan, romelSiac politikurad danawevrebul sazogadoebebs erTiani politikuri cxovrebis awyobaze uwevdaT SeTanxmeba.
amgvari principulad gansxvavebuli xedvebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris demokratia da rogor yalibdeba kargi mmarTveloba, Sesabamisad aisaxeba gansxvavebul konstituciur mowyobebSi. marTalia, amgvari mowyobis erTiani recepti ar arsebobs, vinaidan yvela konstitucia didwilad istoriisa da specifiuri viTarebebis produqtia, magram zogadi tendenciebi mainc arsebobs.
sanam maJoritaruli da konsesuri demokratiebis ganmasxvavebel maxasiaTeblebs ganvixilavT, unda avRniSnoT, rom demokratiebis am ori tipiT ar amoiwureba dasavluri demokratiebis yvela nairsaxeoba. arsebobs mesame kategoriac, konsociaciuri demokratiebi, sadac umravlesobis batonoba umciresobaze SezRudulia gacilebiT ufro radikalurad - umciresobebs miniWebuli aqvT iseTi mmarTvelobiTi uflebebi, romlebic umravlesobis erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas saerTod gamoricxavs. amgvari mowyobebi gamoiyeneba rogorc wesi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sazogadoeba Rrmad aris danawevrebuli Tavisi grZelvadiani identobebiT (eTnikuri), ise rom umciresoba sxvanairad saerTod verasdros ver miiRebda politikur uflebebs. am mowyobas aqvs mniSvneloba saqarTvelos realobaSi, rodesac saubari wava konfliqturi regionebis statusis gansazRvraze, magram am statiaSi Cven ar vexebiT am rTul sakiTxs, raTa msjelobam Zalian Sors ar wagviyanos. miuxedavad imisa, rom konsesur demokratiebSi umciresobebs meti gavlena aqvT mmarTvelobaze vidre maJoritarul demokratiebSi, konsesuri demokratiebi maJoritarulze ukeTesadac ki uzrunvelyofen umravlesobis mmarTvelobis princips, maSin roca konsociaciur demokratiebSi umciresobas xSirad aqvs vetos ufleba umravlesobis garkveul gadawyvetilebebze, rac demokratiis klasikur gagebas garkveulwilad ewinaaRmdegeba.
leipharti aRniSnavs 10 maxasiaTebels (rogorc konstituciiT aseve sistemis sxva elementebiT gansazRvruls), romlebic met-naklebad ganasxvaveben maJoritarul da konsesur demokratiebs.
xuTi maTgani qmnis Zalauflebis formirebis horizontalur principebs. pirveli maJoritarul mmarTvelobas Seesabameba, xolo sapirispiro -konsesurs:
1. aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis koncentrireba erTpartiul umravlesobis xelisuflebaSi sapirispirod Zalauflebis gaziarebisa mravalpartiul koaliciur kabinetSi;
2. Zalauflebis aRmasrulebeli Stos dominireba sapirispirod balansisa aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Stoebs Soris;
3. orpartiuloba mravalpartiulobis sapirispirod;
4. maJoritaruli da disproporciuli saarCevno sistema proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sapirispirod;
5. interesTa jgufebis pluralistuli sistema, romelic am jgufTa Tavisufal konkurencias efuZneba sapirispirod interesTa jgufebis koordinirebuli da "korporativistul" sistemisa, romlis mizania kompromisi da koordinireba.
meore ganzomileba Zalauflebis vertikalur principebs exeba, am SemTxvevaSic pirvelad maJoritaruli demokratiis maxasiaTeblebs vasaxelebT:
1. unitaruli da centralizebuli mmarTveloba federalurisa da decentralizebulis sapirispirod;
2. sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebis koncentrireba erTpalatian parlamentSi sapirispirod am Zalauflebis gadanawilebisa or, Tanabrad Zlier, magram konstituciurad gansxvavebul palatas
3. Soris;
4. moqnili konstitucia, romlis Secvla SeiZleba ubralo umravlesobiT sapirispirod xisti konstituciisa, romelic mxolod didi umravlesobiT icvleba;
5. parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi parlamentisve gadasawyvetia. sapirispirod, uzenaes an sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aqvs kanonebis konstituciurobis dadgenis prerogativa.
6. aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze damokidebuli centraluri banki damoukidebeli centraluri bankis sapirispirod.
rogorc am maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvali aCvenebs, mkacrad maJoritaruli xasiaTi TiTqmis arc erT msoflioSi arsebul demokratias ara aqvs - vestminsteris modeli (didi britaneTi da misi yofili koloniebi) amgvari mowyobis yvelaze gamokveTili magaliTia. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, romelic maJoritaruli demokratiebis ricxvs unda mivakuTvnoT[10], konsesualurobis Zlieri elementi Semoaqvs federalur mowyobas -swored im aspeqts, romelic saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciaSi ar gaiwera. Tumca zogierTi avtoris azriT, aSS-s federalizmi ufro mravlobiTi (ordoniani) maJoritarizmis formaa, vidre konsesualuri mmarTvelobaa. mravlobiT maJoritarizmebs aSS-Si aseve qmnis Zalauflebis danawileba, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
am suraTidan Cans, rom tipiuri maJoritaruli demokratia unda warmovidginoT rogorc konstituciuri monarqia, romelSiac dominirebs ori didi partia, arCevnebi tardeba erTmandatian saarCevno olqebSi maJoritaruli wesiT, centralur xelisuflebaSi koncentrirebulia didi Zalaufleba regionebTan mimarTebaSi, da politikis ZiriTadi aqcenti mimarTulia imaze, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisadmi Zalauflebis maRali donis miniWeba am Zalauflebas imavdroulad did pasuxismgeblobasac aniWebs, pasuxismgeblobas, romelic iwvevs mis periodul Secvlas arCevnebis gziT,
tipiuri konsesuri demokratia saparlamentoa, mravalpartiuli, koaliciuri kabinetiT. masSi rogorc qveynis regionebi, aseve sxvadasva saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi institutebi, rogoricaa centraluri banki, aRWurvilni arian sakmaod didi avtonomiiT, rac kidev ufro aucilebels xdis molaparakebebsa da konsultaciebs mmarTvelobis procesSi. saarCevno sistema proporciulia, is metnaklebad uzrunvelyofs parlamentSi yvela mniSvnelovani politikuri interesis warmomadgenlobas. konsultaciebi da molaparakebebi amgvari politikuri sistemis funqcionirebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani elementia. sazogadoebis xelisuflebaze zegavlena aq eyrdnoba ara imdenad arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebis Secvlis SesaZleblobas, ramdenadac arCevnebs Soris politikis SemuSavebis procesSi sazogadoebis vrceli fenebis Tanamonawileobas.[11]
demokratiis idealisturi xedvebi, romlebic sazogadoebaSi vrceldeboda bolo aTwleulebis gamnavlobaSi, gulisxmobs, rom demokratiul saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebs aqvT xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis orive SesaZlebloba - pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba da SemdgomSi gadarCevis muqariT aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze zemoqmedeba, da amasTan maT SeuZliaT arCevnebs Soris sakuTari xedvebisa da midgomebis lobireba moaxdinon da monawileobiT procesSi caerTon. samwuxarod, es xedvebi Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivia da sinamdviles srulad ver asaxavs. rogorc arsebuli dasavluri demokratiebis praqtika aCvenebs, zogierTi demokratiebi ufro metad mowyobilia pirveli principis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo sxvebi - meoresi.[12] cxadia, maT Soris ganlagebulia Sualeduri varinatebic, magram am ori princips Soris ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba arsebobs - rac ufro meti pasuxismgebloba ekisreba arCeul xelisuflebas, miT ufro naklebia arCevnebs Soris politikaSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba. da piriqiT, Tuki politika Riaa sazogadoebis CarevisTvis, maSin pasuxismgeblobebi gaurkvevelia da arCevnebi nakleb rols TamaSobs.
cxadia, rodesac vlaparakobT saqarTvelos politikur sistemaze, Cven mas pirdapir ver mivamsgavsebT verc erT am models, imitom rom ara marto konsesuri, aramed maJoritaruli demokratia aq jer ar ganxorcielebula arasdros. rogorc erTi, aseve meore modeli funqcionirebs kanonis uzenaesobis upirobo aRiarebis fonze, anu TamaSis wesebis sruli dacviT, rac gulisxmobs arCevnebis argayalbebas, mediis Tavisuflebasa da administraciuli resursis argamoyenebas. amdenad, Tuki vlaparakobT imaze, Tu romeli sistemaa maT Soris saqarTvelosTvis sasurveli, unda gavakeToT garkveuli arCevani, romelic daeyrdnoba ara marto modelis mimzidvelobas, aramed aseve unda gavaanalizoT erTisa da meoris upiratesobebi da sisusteebi saqarTvelos konteqstSi maTi ganxorcielebadobis Tvalsawieridan.
Zalauflebis ukiduresi koncentrireba, romelic sabWoTa sistemas axasiaTebda, demokratiisken gadasvlis gzaze umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvas moiTxovda. cxadia, rom umravlesobis batonobis tradiciuli principi sazogadoebis did nawilSi pirvel, maJoritarul models ufro misaReb variantad saxavda. Zlieri aRmasrulebeli mmarTveloba da unitarizmi saparlamento mowyobis sapirispirod -es iyo politikuri davebis is veqtori, romelic 1995 wlis konstituciis damkvidrebas win uswrebda. 1995 wlis konstitucia am mxriv winaarmdegobrivi aRmoCnda. erTis mxriv, saarCevno sistema da parlamentis Sida mowyoba konsesualurobis Zlier elementebs Seicavda. amas emateboda sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, damoukidebeli centraluri banki da sxva. meore mxriv, SevardnaZis pirovnulma faqtorma Agamoiwvia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis am konsesuri velis gareT gamoyvana da Zalauflebis isev da isev maJoritarul principebze ageba. amasTan, unitarizmis principis Sesustebas xeli SeuSala teritoriuli problemebis mougvareblobam. mTlianobaSi, Seiqmna garkveuli dualizmi, rodesac prezidenti Tan cdilobda lavirebas da moqiSpe politikuri Zalebis dabalansebas, Tan flobda srul Zalauflebas da pasuxismgeblobas, romelsac ver axorcielebda dabalansebis politikisadmi midrekilebis gamo. yvelaferma aman gamoiwvia mmarTvelobis sruli kolafsi, romelic 2003 wlis movlenebiT dasrulda.
2004 wlidan konsesualurobis elementebi politikuri sistemidan TandaTanobiT gaqra. dawyebuli prezidentis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebiT, SemdgomSi TviTmmarTvelobis SesustebiT, saarCevno reformebiT da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gandevniT politikuri procesidan, damkvidrda mkacri maJoritarizmi, romelic gadadis xelisuflebis tiraniaSi.
movlenebis sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis pirobebSi arsebobda Teoriuli SesaZlebloba imisa, rom SevardnaZis prezidentobis damTavrebasTan erTad Catarebuliyo sakonstitucio reforma, romelic prezidentis Tanamdebobas nakleb datvirTvas SesZenda da amdenad politikur sistemas ufro "gaaevropulebda". magram xelisuflebis Secvlis revoluciurma xasiaTma es SesaZlebloba mospo.
Tumca, es revoluciuri ganviTareba da is, rom demokratia ganvlil periodSi iyo gagebuli mkacrad maJoritarulad, mxolod nawilobriv Tu aixsneba sabWoTa stereotipebiT. meore nawili simarTlisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom pro-demokratiuli diskursi saqarTveloSi amerikul, da ara evropul xedvas asaxavda. am xedvis Sesabamisad, memkvidreobiT miRebuli sistemis "gademokratiuleba" moiazreboda rogorc sistemis centrSi koncentrirebuli Zalauflebis SezRudva Zalauflebis sxva, damoukidebeli da misgan diferencirebuli sferoebis SeqmniT, rogorebicaa ekonomika, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, sasamarTlo, balansi parlamentsa da prezidents Soris. masSi TiTqmis saerTod ar ijda konsesualurobis iseTi meqanizmebi rogoricaa Zalauflebis gaziareba, sazogadoebisa da politikis daaxloeba da sxva. sabWoTa warsulisa da amerikuli maJoritaruli modelebis am moulodnelma Serwmam gamoiwvia is, rom vardebis revoluciis dros arasamTavroboebi da xalxi erTad aRmoCdnen saakaSvilis gaprezidentebis avtorebi.
SemdgomSi, umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvis calmxrivma, amerikulma receptma gamoitana mxolod erTi Sedegi - man gamoiwvia ideologiuri dapirispireba Zlieri saxelmwifos momxreebsa da demokratiis momxreebs Soris. isini, vinc efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi xelisuflebis models emxrobodnen, mzad iyvnen demokratia cota xniT gverdze gadaedoT, vinaidan amgvarad gagebuli demokratia niSnavda umravlesobis mier legitimirebuli xelisuflebis Sesustebas. xolo demokratiis momxreebi maT argumentebs verafers ver upirispirebdnen mimzidveli abstraqtuli moraluri argumentebis garda. iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogorebicaa efeqturoba da samarTianoba barikadebis sxvadasxva mxares aRmoCnda, rac qmnis TiTqmis gadauWrel dilemas, vinaidan es Rirebulebebi obieqtur ranJirebas ver eqvemdebareba. gaCnda mkafio Sexeduleba, rom demokratia da avtoritarizmi is alternativebia, romlebic SeiZleba iTargmnos susti da Zlieri saxelmwifos terminebSi.
Zlieri da imavdroulad demokratiuli saxelmwifos erT xedvaSi gaerTianeba SeuZlebelia konsesuri demokratiis bazisuri safuZvlebis gaziarebis gareSe. umravlesobis tiraniis SezRudvas aq ayalibebs ara imdenad Zalauflebis danawileba, ramdenadac Zalauflebis gaziareba. Zalauflebis gaziareba niSnavs imas, rom Zalaufleba imTaviTve miCneulia rom ekuTvnis sazogadoebis sxvadasxva avtonomiur nawilebs/individebs, romlebic SemdgomSi molaparakebis meSveobiT ayalibeben iseT mmarTvelobas, romelic rac SeiZleba meti amgvari jgufisTvis iqneba misaRebi.
saxelmwifos Zliereba meore SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebulia ara imiT, rom umravlesobis/mmarTvelobis moqmedebis Tavisufleba izRudeba gare eqsternaliebis meSveobiT da mravlobiTi umravlesobebis SeqmniT, rasac Zalauflebis dayofis principi uzrunvelyofs, aramed, piriqiT, imiT, rom bevri jgufi/individi monawileobs mmarTvelobis procesSi, da rac ufro metia masSi CarTulTa ricxvi, miT ufro Zlieria saxelmwifo. saxelmwifos siZliere, amdenad, momdinareobs monawileobiTi demokratiis siZlierisgan, da ara piriqiT. xelisuflebis "odenoba", misi siZliere, am SemTxvevaSi aRar aris konstanta, romelic iyofa ramdenime nawilad nulovanjamovani wesiT, aramed is aris zrdadi, da is izrdeba monawileobis zrdasTan erTad.
demokratia, romelic iswrafvis rac SeiZleba meti subieqtis CarTvas mmarTvelobaSi da maTTvis garkveuli gavlenebis miniWebas, garkveulwilad afrTxobs mosaxleobis nawils. maT miaCniaT, rom Zlieri lideri saWiroa sazogadoebis gamTlianebisTvis, swrafi ekonomikuri reformebisTvis da gare safrTxeebis dasaZlevad. saparlamento mmarTveloba koaliciuri kabinetiT, partiebis sisustis fonze, Zalzed arastabilur da araefeqtur mmarTvelobad esaxebaT.
sapirispiro argumentebi, cxadia, naTelia. arsebuli demokratiebis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom konsesuri demokratiebi maJoritarulebze aranakleb efeqturad umkvlavdebian ekonomikis marTvas, uzrunvelyofen met ekonomikur Tanasworobasa da met demokratias.[13] isini aseve amTlianeben sazogadoebas, amcireben ra polarizebis nairnair arsebul Tu SesaZlo formebs. am mxriv swored rom saprezidento maJoritarulma mmarTvelobam sqarTvelos ar moutana stabiluroba da erTianoba, man piriqiT gaaRrmava polarizeba da daaqcia qveynis ekonomika. mTavrobis stabilurobis nacvlad saxezea premierministrebis, ministrebisa da politikuri prioritetebis kaleidoskopuri da xSiri monacvloba. partiebis sisuste nawilobriv mainc aixsneba maTi mudmivi orientirebiT saarCevno konkurenciaze, romelSiac umravlesoba aris mosapovebeli, da ara specifiur sazogadoebriv jgufebTan mibmaze da Semdgom am jgufebis efeqtur reprezentaciaze. amdenad, maJoritaruli modeli saqarTvelosTvis stabilurobis momtan sistemad ar gamoiyureba.
da Tuki mainc daveTanxmebiT imas, rom konsesuri demokratia saqarTveloSi ufro gaamarTlebda vidre maJoritaruli, rCeba mTavari sakiTxi - ramdenad dagvianebulia am Temaze saubari. xom ar aris polarizeba saqarTveloSi im donemde misuli, rom es gamoricxavs raime sxva variantebs, garda brZolis bolomde miyvanisa da am polarizebis erT-erTi mxaris saboloo gamarjvebisa meoreze, rac isev da isev avtoritarul mmarTvelobasTan gvabrunebs. saparlamento konsesur sistemaSi moqceuli politikuri elitebi xom ar ivlian isev da isev polarizebisa da dapirispirebis gziT, rac sistemas maJoritarul warsulSi daabrunebs. polarizebis da misgan Tavis darwevis sakiTxs Semdeg paragrafebSi ganvixilavT.
4. racionaluri logika, romelsac iracionaluri Sedegi moyveba
kooperireba, TanamSromloba SesaZloa yvelasTvis iyos sasikeTo, magram mainc ver xerxdebodes. es movlena kargadaa cnobili politikur mecnierebaSi.[14] erTmaneTis mimarT dabali ndobis mqone, piradi interesebiT motivirebuli individebis didi raodenoba SesaZloa grZnobdes saerTo saqmis gakeTebis saWiroebas, magram TiToeuli TanamonawilesTvis ufro naklebad sarisko Candes sakuTari saqmis Tavad mixedva vidre imaze damokidebuleba, rom sxvebi keTilsindisierad Seasruleben Tavis movaleobebs mis winaSe. amitom kooperirebis aucileblobaze agebuli sistema SesaZloa araefeqturi aRmoCndes ubralod imis gamo, rom realuri qceva ar daemTxves molodinebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, politikuri sistema ar iqmneba imaze gaTvliT, rom masSi moqmedeben idealuri adamianebi/partiebi/politikosebi. sistema unda iyos realisturi, raTa man efeqturad ifunqcioniros.
vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi periodi, rodesac demokratia stabilurad ukan-ukan midioda rac saboloo jamSi 2008 wlis agvistos katastrofiT damTavrda, pirveli SexedviT iracionalurobisa da uazrobis STabeWdilebas tovebs. magram am TiTqosda iracionaluri qcevis miRma ikiTxeba logika, romelic Zalauflebis SenarCunebis surviliTaa nakarnaxevi iseT politikur viTarebaSi, sadac adgili ara aqvs aranair kooperirebas.
am logikas karnaxobda ar marto da ara imdenad 2003 wlisTvis arsebuli politikuri sistema - am sistemis Semdgomi transformaciis sxvadasxva variantebi arsebobda, maT Soris demokratiasTan axlos mdgomic - aramed revoluciaSi gamarjvebuli gundis racionaluri logikac, romelsac sakuTari legitimuroba oponentebis srul de-legitimaciaze unda daemyarebina. zemoT naxsenebi modelebidan ori - sabWoTa warsulidan momdinare ignorireba da axali realobiT motanili konkurencia - Sezavda strategiaSi, romelmac ganapiroba xelisuflebis Seurigebloba da srulad gamoricxa politikuri qcevisgan raime saxis daTmobebis, molaparakebebisa da poziciebis daaxloebis SesaZleblobebi. amave dros ar moxda is, rasac saWiroebs ignorirebis logika, da rasac de-legitimaciis strategis gulisxmobs - brZolis damTavreba erT-erTi mxaris sruli damarcxebiT. srul mogebaze mimarTuli konkurencia wagebulis mospobis SesaZleblobis gareSe ganapirobebda im procesebs, rac saqarTveloSi warimarTa.
pirveli, rac TvalSi sacemia am periodis analizisas es aris politikis dRis wesrigis wamyvani problemebis mudmivi kaleidoskopi. vardebis revolucia demokratiis dapirebiTa da sazogadoebis mxridan swored am moTxovniT iyo motivirebuli. magram jer kidev prezidentis inauguraciamde am dRis wesrigma ukan daixia, Tanac mwavave da upasuxo kritikis fonze, da adgili teritoriuli mTlianobis Temas dauTmo. teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena arc ise advili aRmoCnda, da ver darCa politikis dRis wesrigis mTavar da sayoveldReo problemad, mas warumateblad Seejibra evrokavSirSi integraciis sakiTxi, xolo Semdgom es sakiTxi sruliad gaqra yuradRebis arealidan da misi adgili natoSi gawevrianebam daikava. 2007 wlis Semodgomaze politikis dRis wesrigis formirebaSi xelisuflebam dakarga iniciativa da noembris movlenebis Semdeg siRaribesTan brZolis lozungiT scada misi dabruneba, Tumca maleve iseve teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs daubrunda (am droisTvis natos sakiTxi ukve veRar iqneboda wamyvani buqarestis samitis gamo). yovelive aman agvistoSi axali realoba Seqmna, romlis Semdeg ruseTis agresiis Temis dominirebas alternative aRar hqonda. arc erT zemoaRniSnul Temaze ar warmaTula Sinaarsobrivi diskusia miRwevis konkretul gzebTan dakavSirebiT, da arce erTi kritikuli Sefaseba ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.
kontroli dRis wesrigis formirebaze imavdroulad warmoadgenda politikuri brZolis mTavar iaraRs, rac moiTxovs pirvel rigSi satelevizio propagandas da am propagandze uSualo kontrols. swored amitom televiziebis sakiTxi gaxda umTavresi politikuri sakiTxi, xolo telekompania imedis politikurma gavlenam gacilebiT meti wona SeiZina vidre yvela opoziciur partias erTad aRebuls gaaCnda, ramac saboloo jamSi ganapirobeba mis mospobas 2007 wlis noemberSi.
meore TvalSi sacemi Tavisebureba, romelic am periods axasiaTebda iyo opoziciis jiuti midrekileba CabRauWebuliyo mxolod erT Temas - demokratias, kanonis uzenaesobasa da adamianis uflebebs, da misi indiferentuloba raime saprogramo pozitiuri ganviTarebis gzebis SemoTavazebisadmi. es strategia ganixileba rogorc opoziciis sisuste, magram dRevandeli gadasaxedidan ufro logikurad da gamarTlebulad gamoiyureba. es erTaderTi logikaa, romelic opozicias xels aZlevs im pirobebSi, rodesac ar xdeba aranairi kooperireba xelisuflebasa da opozicias Soris, xolo dRis wesrigis formirebaze opozicias TiTqmis aranairi gavlena ara aqvs. garkveulwilad, mediam opozicia iZulebuli gaxada am gziT wasuliyo, vinaidan dRis wesrigis formireba swored mediis, da ara opoziciis xelSi iyo. Sinaarsobriv diskusiasi Sesvla opoziciisTvis niSnavda xelisuflebis mier Sedgenil dRis wesrigze latentur Tanxmobas, rac imavdroulad avtomaturad niSnavda wina, gadagdebul Temaze ukan daxevas da xelisuflebis mier Seqmnil viTarebaze daTanxmebas.
mTlianobaSi, daxatuli suraTi jdeba e.w. qaosis Teoremis logikaSi.[15] rodesac politika mxolod konkurentulia (anu problemebi wydeba mxolod maJoritarulad, urTierTmolaparakebis gareSe), xolo politikuri ganxeTqilebebi mravalricxovani, da ar jdeba erTi ganzomilebis, mag. memarjvene-memarcxene dapirispirebis logikaSi, politikur process ara aqvs wonasworobis wertili (e.w. neSis wonasworobis wertili). es niSnavs imas, rom stabiluri politikuri Tanxmobis miRweva, rac saxelmwifoSi stabiluri grZelvadiani politikis ganxorcielebis sawindari iqneboda, verasdros ver xerxdeba, rac gindaT didxans gagrZeldes Tundac Tavisufali politikuri brZola. am viTarebaSi politikis dRis wesrigis kontroli da misiT oportunistuli manipulireba xdeba politikuri brZolis mTavari iaraRi. qaosis Teoremis Tanaxmad imas, vinc amgvari kontrolis SesaZleblobas flobs, aqvs SesaZlebloba praqtikulad nebismieri politikuri Sedegis miRwevisa, da mowinaaRmdegeTa damarcxebisa. es martivad keTdeba. jer yof eleqtorats demokratiis momxreebad da mowinaarmdegeebad. rodesac grZnob rom kargav erTi mxaris mxardaWeras, cvli dRis wesrigs da ayeneb teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs, romelic ukve sxva jgufebad yofs sazogadoebas. rodesac aqac kargav poziciebs, gadadixar dayofis sxva ganzomilebis aqcentirebaze, da a.S. sanam ar gamoileva qveynisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. samwuxarod qveynisTvis, aseTi manipulirebisas manipulatori iZulebulia sul ufro maRali molodinebi Seqmnas da dapirebebis skalas auwios. swored amitom gaxda iZulebuli xelisufleba 2008 wlis agvistoSi Cabmuliyo samxedro avantiuraSi, romelmac qveyanas yvelasaTvis arasasurveli Sedegi moutana. amis Semdeg manipulireba saWiro aRar aris - ruseTis agresiis pirobebSi sazogadoebas eqmneba STabeWdileba rom mas aqvs arCevani or borotebas Soris - ruseTi da saakaSvili, romlebidanac ruseTi ufro afrTxobs.
amdenad, Tuki mocemuloba mdgomareobs xelisuflebis mxridan daTmobebis, molaparakebebisa da Tanxmobis miRwevis uaryofaSi, misTvis logikuria swored is qceva, romelic man gamoavlina. aseve logikuria opoziciisTvis uaris Tqma raime saxis poziciebis dafiqsirebaze, vinaidan es iwvevs mis danawevrebasa da amcirebs misi eleqtoratis konsolidirebis SesaZleblobas, rasac ganapirobebs am eleqtoratis siWrele arsebul problemebTan mimarTebaSi.
ganvlili wlebis gamocdileba amdenad magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba xdebodes, rom racionaluri aqtorebis brZola warmatebisTvis mTavrdeba im SedegiT, romelic aravis ar undoda. yoveli etapi am brZolisa iyo nulovanjamovani, da mimarTuli gamarjvebaze, magram saerTo jamSi, yvela etapis gavlis Semdeg TamaSi aRmoCnda uaryofiTjamovani, rodesac yvela masSi CarTulma aqtorma waago, da saboloo wertili, romelSiac yvela aRmoCnda, mdebareobs im velis miRma, romelSiac viRaca mainc iqneboda warmatebuli.
5. urTierTmomgebiani daTmoba
rogorc ganvlili periodis magaliTi gviCvenebs, maJoritaruli logika kanonis uzenaesobis ararsebobis pirobebSi monawileebs arakooperaciul qcevas karnaxobs, rac maTTvis racionaluri, da ara ugunuri midgomaa. kooperirebisken calmxrivad gadadgmuli nabijebi am viTarebaSi wagebis tolfasia, rac daadastura kidec opoziciis warumateblobam im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac amgvari nabijebi iqna gadadgmuli. kooperirebis stimuli, amdenad, unda iyos racionalurad momgebiani imisTvis, vinc masSo erTveba. daTmoba ar unda niSnavdes damorCilebas, Tuki gvinda rom is gaxdes politikis wesi.
unda iTqvas, rom maJoritarizmi ar aris ganwiruli marcxisTvis, Tuki is xorcieldeba Zalauflebis SezRudvis principiT formirebul konteqstSi. ase magaliTad, media rom yofiliyo Tavisufali da saakaSvils ar hqonoda dRis wesrigiT manipulirebis SesaZlebloba, wina paragrafSi aRwerili viTareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. nulovanjamovani konkurenciuli TamaSebi sruliad ar gamoricxaven molaparakebebis da daTmobebis SesaZleblobas. rogorc adre iTqva, urTierTmisaRebi kompromisi SesaZloa vaWrobis Sedegad warmoiqmnas, Tuki amis saWiroebas orive mxare aRiarebs. am aRiarebis ararseboba gamoixateba politikuri centris gamorecxvaSi da urTierTmisaRebi kompromisis ararsebobaSi - yovel SemTxvevaSi, im ganzomilebis gaswvriv, romlis gaswvrivac mimdinareobs Sejibri. Tuki arc erTi urTierTSexebis wertili ar an ver moiZebna, arsebobs ori gamosavali. erTia, rodesac yvela momdevno gadawyvetileba misaRebia erTi mxarisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini miuReblebi arian meorisTvis. yalibdeba viTareba, rodesac erTi mxare verasdros ver aris mogebuli, anu diqtatura demokratiis nacvlad. meore variantia, rodesac xan mogebulia erTi mxare, xan meore, da amasTan arc erTi ar egueba droebiT mainc wagebas, radganac es wageba misTvis gadawyvetilebaTa miuRebel velSi mdebareobs. Tuki xelisufleba axerxebs diqtaruris damyarebas, saqme damTavrebulia, da Semdgom laparaks azri ara aqvs. magram vecadoT warmovidginoT rom demokratiisTvis brZola grZeldeba da xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia diqtaturis dasamyareblad saWiro resursi. maSin myardeba qaosi, romelic SesaZloa katastrofiT damTavrdes, rogorc ganvlili gamocdileba adasturebs.
maJoritarizmis warmatebas sxva faqtorebic uSlis xels. rogorc adre iTqva, Zalauflebis gaziarebis principis amoqmedebis gareSe ver ixsneba polarizeba Zlieri saxelmwifosa da demokratiis momxreebs Soris. maJoritaruli demokratiisTvis aucilebelia neitraluri da miukerZoebeli "gare damkvirvebeli", gamoricxulia misi gamarTuli funqcionireba iq, sadac ar aris araferi, rasac yvela endoba. am viTarebas Svelis mxolod sajarod da pirispir urTierTobebis garkveva, romelic meore modelisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aseve, ganvlil wlebSi kompromentirebuli politikuri elitebi ver uzrunvelyofen maJoritaruli politikis warmatebas, romelsac Zlieri aqcenti aqvs pirovnebebze, maSin roca konsesuri demokratia aqcentirebulia ufro programebze da Rirebulebebze, vidre pirovnebebze.
Cixidan gamosavalze ocneba rom realobad gadaiqces, politikaSi monawileebs polarizebis stimuli unda Seusustdes da kooperirebis fasi amaRldes. erT-erTi cxadi da ukve bevrjer gaJRerebuli nabiji am mimarTulebiT iqneboda saprezidento postis an faqtobrivi, an funqcionaluri gauqmeba. es, rasakvirvelia maJoritarizmis Sesustebisken gadasadgami aucilebeli, Tumca arasakmarisi nabijia. arCevenbis "fasis" Semcirebas aseve uwyobs xels konsesuri modelis amoqmedeba. konsesuri demokratiis warmatebisTvis aucilebeli ramdenime sxva faqtoris CamonaTvals, romelic amasTan SesaZloa arasruli aRmoCndes, dabla gTavazobT. zogierTi faqtori garegania, da amdenad uSualod sistemis transformaciis nawils ar warmoadgens. isini unda ganvixiloT rogorc winapirobebi Cixidan gamosvlis SesaZleblobis Seqmnisa.
rodesac sazogadoeba Zalian Raribia, xolo ekonomikuri uTanasworoba maRali, demokratiis SenarCuneba xdeba problematuri nebismieri sakonstitucio mowyobis pirobebSi. Tuki sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebulia mdidarTa fena, romelic avtoritarizmis gziT cdilobs Tavisi interesebis dacvas, am sakiTxis gadaWra politikuri sistemis modelis SemuSavebiT cota ar iyos, miamituri mcdeloba iqneboda. magram Tuki sistemis Secvla ukve moxerxda, da sakiTxi dgas miRweulis SenarCunebaze, maSin arsebiTia davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu ra gavlenas axdenen ekonomikuri da politikuri institutebi erTmaneTze.
ekonomikuri problemebidan yvelaze mwvave politikur sakiTxebad saqarTveloSi dgas sakuTrebis ufleba, korufcia da umuSevroba. rac Seexeba Semosavlebis uTanasworobas, mas amJamad aqvs susti politikuri ganzomileba, da rogorc sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs, is praqtikulad ar axdens (an sxva faqtorebze naklebad axdens) zegavlenas politikur Sexedulebebze.
paradoqsulad, Tuki sakuTrebis uflebis Selaxvas ufro kargad konsesuri modeli SeebrZoleba, vinaidan masSi ar iarsebebs eqspropriaciisTvis xelsayreli erTiani politikuri neba, korufcias pirveli SexedviT, maJoritaruli demokratia ukeT gadalaxavs. maJoritarizmis pirobebSi xelisufleba koncentrirebulia, da misi pasuxismgebloba korufciis yvela saxeobaze aSkara. konsesuri modelis sisuste mdgomareobs pasuxismgeblobebis gaurkvevlobaSi, masSi Znelia korufiis faqtebis mibma konkretuli politikuri Zalebis pasuxismgeblobasTan. amdenad, Tuki maJoritaruli modeli moicavs avtoritaruli gadagvarebis risks elitaruli korufciis amoqmedebiT, konsesuri demokratia ufro meti riskis Semcvelia masobrivi korufciis TvalsazrisiT, romelSiac faruli garigebebis meSveobiT SeiZleba yvela an umetesoba politikuri Zalebisa Caebas. amis magaliTebi saqarTveloSi mravlad dafiqsirebula im arCevnebis dros, rodesac saarCevno adgilobrivi komisiebi, Sedgenili mravlpartiuli principiT, garigebebis gziT ayalbebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebs.
konsesuri demokratiis gadagvareba korufciul sistemad amdenad aris mTavari saSiSroeba, romelic xSirad aracnobierad gaazrebulia im moqalaqeebis mier, romlebic "Zlieri xelis" da "stalinis" garda misi SezRudvis veranair SesaZleblobas ver xedaven. mosalodnelia, rom marTlac korufciis problema gaxdes erT-erTi mTavari gamowveva konsesuri modelis pirobebSi. magram Tavad modeli grZelvadiani funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens am problemis daZlevis meqanizms. amis sawindaria is Riaoba, romelSiac moTavsebulia politikuri Sejibri saqarTveloSi, da romeliac miTumetes ver gaqreba da ver daiZleva maSin, rodesac ar iarsebebs Zalauflebis maJoritaruli koncentrirebis centri (prezidenti). saprezidento sistemaSic ki, romelic amJamad arsebobs, SedarebiT Sekruli saxelisuflebo gundis SigniT arsebuli korufciuli garigebebi cnobili xdeba sazogadoebisTvis. miTumetes sarisko gaxdeba Crdilovan arakanonier garigegebze wasvla mravalpartiul viTarebaSi, sadac yoveli faqti SesaZloa winasaarCevno propagandisTvis iqnas gamoyenebuli oponentebis mier. amdenad, korufciis daZleva konsesur demokratias SeulZia, magram mxolod grZelvadian perspeqtivaze orientaciiT.
maRali umuSevroba aseve politikuri ganzomilebis momcvelia, vinaidan dasaqmebis da politikuri orientaciis faqtorebi mWidrod korelireben erTmaneTTan (sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis SedegebiT). ganvliv wlebSi ganxorcielebuli politizirebuli sakadro politikis fonze es arc aris gasakviri. mosalodnelia, rom Tuki sistema Seicvala, sxvadasxva partiebis aqtivistebi arCevnebis semdeg Tavisi liderebisgan swored rom dasaqmebas moiTxoven, xolo liderebi pirvel rigSi maTTvis samuSao adgilebisTvis brZolaSi caerTvebian. es problemac garkveulwilad korufciis saxeobas warmoadgens, da imave rigSi unda iyos ganxiluli, rogorc wina problema. am SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT korufciis Semtxvevisa, ara mediis, aramed sazogadoebis mobilizebis maRali donis SenarCunebis imediT unda viyoT, magram problemis gadaWra isev da isev grZelvadian perspeqtivas ukavSirdeba.
sagareo orientaciebis polarizeba da saqarTvelos sasazRvro mdgomareoba sami civilizaciis mijnaze Zabavs Sida politikur dapirispirebebs. oportunist liderebs yovelTvis aqvT SesaZlebloba am daZabulobaze iTamaSon, is ukiduresobamde miiyvanon da am faqtors aSkara nulovanjamovani xasiaTi SesZinon. Tuki saqarTvelos dRevandeli yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi kvlavac dRis wesrigSi darCeba did xnis ganmavlobaSi, es gamoricxavs ara marto konsesualuri midgomebis SesaZleblobas, aramed raime saxis demokratiis damkvidrebis SesaZleblobasac. mxolod mravalpolusiani sagareo klimatis Semna gadaiyvans sagareo veqtorebs aranulovanjamovani strategiebis sibrtyeSi. evropuli gavlenis zrda am mxriv erTaderT gamosavlad isaxeba. gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da ruseTTan stabuluri, Tu ara keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis damyarebis gareSe cxadia, politikuri sistemis stabilizebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. samagierod, Tuki es miRweulia, konsesuri modeli ufro stabiluri iqneba, vinaidan momavalSi SezRudavs polarizebis simZafres sagareo politikaSi da gamoricxavs "kremlis agentebis" Ziebas opoziciaSi.
ukiduresi polarizeba dResdReobiT axasiaTebs ara marto politikur elitebs, aramed sazogadoebasac. es didwilad ganpirobebulia im polarizebuli sainformacio sivrciT, romelic Camyalibda jer kidev 2007 wels. nawilobriv polarizebis mizezi devs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebis im modelSi, romelic jer kidev 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amuSavda da romelic ufro maJoritarul, da ara konsesur demokratiebs Seesabameba (am Temas aq Cven farTod ver gavSliT). xelisuflebidan saakaSvilis wasvla TavisTavad ar moxsnis am polarizebis arsebobis faqts. polarizebidan demokratiul pluralizmze gadasvla saWiroebs ramdenime problemis gadaWras.
Zalian uxeSad rom vTvaT, dRes qarTul sazogadoebaSi arian adamianebi, romlebic emxrobian maJoritarul mmarTvelobas, romelic upirobo Zalauflebas aqcevs erTi adamianis xelSi; adamianebi, romlebic iTxoven demokratias rogorc sazogadoebis SesaZleblobas Tavad miiRos monawileoba politikaSi da oportunistebi, romlebisTvisac orive sulerTia, da cdiloben sakuTar miznebs miaRwion imdenad, ramdenadac viTareba aZlevs xels. es dayofa ar asaxavs dayofas xelisufleba-opoziciad, vinaidan orive mxares arian samive tipis adamianebi, Tumca statistikurad SeiZleba vivaraudod, rom xelisuflebaSi ufro metia "maJoritari", xolo opoziciaSi "konsesualisti".
"maJoritaristebisa" da "konsesualistebis" gadanawileba sazogadoebaSi geografiul da socialur ganzomilebebsac Seicavs. regionebis mosaxleobisTvis dResdReobiT ufro racionaluria maJoritaruli modelisTvis mimxroba, vinaidan politikaSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba maT isedac metad SezRuduli aqvT. Tanamonawileobis moTxovna ufro maRalia saSualo fenaSi, vidre dabal klasebSi, vinaidan es moTxovna izrdeba post-materialisturi Rirebulebebis zrdasTan erTad, rac garkveul socialur ganzomilebebsac moicavs (magaliTad, ganaTlebis dones). amdenad, socialurad araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi myofi fenebis zegavlena Semdgomi demokratizaciis xasiaTze ufro maJoritarizmisken unda ubiZgebdes qveyanas.
imisTvis, rom politikaSi Tanamonawileobis procesma mosaxleobis udidesi nawili moicvas, regionebis mosaxloebas unda mieces Tanamonawileobis gacilebiT meti SesaZlebloba, vidre maT aqvT amJamad. maJoritarizmisken swrafvis Sesusteba regionebSi SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gaixsneba regionebis politikaSi Tanamonawileobis pirdapiri arxebi. es ar gulisxmobs mxolod teritoriul decentralizacias da realuri TviTmmarTvelobis Seqmnas. Zalauflebis gaziarebis principis amoqmedebaSi Zalauflebis ZiriTadi matareblebi, rolmebmac unda gaaZlieron saxelmwifo Tavisi aqtiuri CarTviT, swored regionebi da teritoriuli erTeulebi unda gaxdnen. centraluri xelisufleba unda gaxdes reprzentatuli am kuTxoT, rac SeiZleba gulisxmobdes saarCevno sistemis transformaciasac da orpalatiani parlamentis Seqmnasac. regionebi unda TamaSobdnen rols centralur xelisuflebaSi, da ara iyvnen moqceulebi adgilobriv getoebSi Tavisi lokaluri problemebiT.
mTavari, rac albaT pizitiur rols Seasrulebs TanamonawileobiTi konsesuri demokratiis damkvidrebaze, aris is, rom sazogadoebam daiwyo "dabruneba" politikuri qmedebebis arealSi, rac xels uwyobs axal yaidaze mowyobili samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebas da saboloo jamSi gavlenas moaxdens politikis TamaSis wesebis "daRvinebaze". am procesSi pirvel rigSi TamaSobs rols is sajarooba, romelSiac bolo wlebSi monawileoben ara marto politikosebi, aramed politikisgan sruliad Sors mdgomi adamianebi. politikuri sajaro sivrce "gaixsna" sazogadoebisTvis, rac ar SeiZleba ar damTavrdes politikuri Zalauflebis sivrcis transformaciiT.
calke problemas warmoadgenen politikuri partiebi da politikosebi. mravalpartiuloba TavisTavad ar aris konsesualuri qcevis winapiroba. Tumca is warmoSobs amgvari qcevis garkveul saWiroebas rogorc winasaarCevno periodSi, aseve arCevnebis Semdegac, saparlamento umravleosobis formirebis procesSi. magram saWiroeba imTaviTve qreba, rogorc ki moikribeba sakmarisi Zala, rom Zalauflebis kontroli ganaxorcielos, da am Zalis miRma darCenili partiebi umciresobaSi datovos.
amdenad, sakiTxi dgas pirvel rigSi imaze, Tu rogor marTavs umravlesoba konsesusuri demokratiis pirobebSi, da ramdenad aqvs SesaZlebloba Tavisi mmarTveloba isev da isev tiraniad gadaaqcios. aris Tu ara es SesaZleblobebi ufro farTo, Tu ufro SezRuduli rodesac vadarebT erTmaneTs Tundac vestminsteris models (sruli pasuxismgebloba erT mmarTvel partiaze) evropul mowyobebTan (opozicias da sazogadoebas aqvs Tanamonawileobis garkveuli SesaZlebloba).
maJoritarul modelSi mWidrod Sekruli saparlamento umravlesoba SesaZloa isev da isev ar uwevdes angariSs umciresobas, TviTneburad cvlides TamaSis wesebs da saboloo jamSi momdevno arCevnebis Catarebas azrs ukargavdes. amis sapirispirod, Tuki umciresobas aqvs saTando berketebi (vetos ufleba) raTa umravlesobis arasasurveli gadawyvetilebebi dablokos, man SeiZleba es ufleba borotad gamoiyenos da viTareba politikur CixSi Seiyvanos. rodesac partiebs ara aqvT sazogadoebasTan mWidro kavSirebi, amgvari polarizeba politikur elitebSi kvlavac sistemis destabilizaciis da demokratiis Sesustebis sawindari SeiZleba gaxdes.
amis sapirispirod, konsesur demokratiaSi, Tuki umravlesoba arademokratiuli gziT wavida, mas am gziT siarulis SedarebiT SezRuduli SesaZlebloba eqneba. garkveul donemde is iqneba dabalansebuli opoziciis mier, romelsac amisTvis Sesabamisi berketebi miecema. esenia sakomiteto mowyobis wesebi, opoziciis roli parlamentisa da aRamsrulebeli xelisuflebis urTierTobaSi, opoziciis gavlena ama Tu im gadawyvetilebebze. amgvari berketebi arsebobda saqarTvelos parlamentSi 2004 wlamde, da dRemde nawilobriv SemorCenilia. wina parlametSi am berketebis araefeqturobas ganapirobebda ara misi Sida mowyobis naklovanebebi, aramed is, rom arsebobda prezidentis posti, romelic saparlamento zemoqmedebas ar eqvemdebareboda. am postis gauqmebis an Sesustebis SemTxvevaSi konsesualuri modelis borotad gamoyeneba umravlesobis mier SedarebiT ufro Znelia.
amasTan, mTavari, rasac iZleva konsesualuri modeli, es aris is, rom is aZlevs partiebs warmomadgenlobiTi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. partiebs aRar aqvT umravlesobis mozidvis saWiroeba, maT SeuZliaT gamokveTon specifiuri socialuri jgufebi (regionebi), sadac mZlavri dasayrdeni eqnebaT. am muSaobaSi maT realuri politikuri strategiebis gamomuSaveba mouwevT, da am strategiebis ganxorcielebisTvis zrunva parlamentSi. es yovelive gaajansaRebs saparamento viTarebas da gadaiyvans politikur diskurss ufro Sinaarsobrivi debatebis formatSi.
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