ქართული სოფელი- პრობლემები და პერსპექტივები

qarTuli sofeli: problemebi da perspeqtivebi

konferencia

26 seqtemberi, Tbilisi, sastumro ,,vere palasi“

soflis problemebi saqarTvelos mTianeTSi

(raWis magaliTi)

demografia

      mTa saqarTvelosTvis yovelTvis warmoadgenda bunebriv fars, igi metad iyo daculi mterTa Semosevebisgan. bunebrivi matebisaTvis aq ufro ukTesad iyo pirobebi Seqmnili, amasTan mTis mosaxleba  asrulebda mesazRvris funqcias, inaCunebda erovnul genofonds, romelic Semdgom avsebda gapartaxebuli baris mosaxleobas.

      jer kidev  me-19 saukunis bolos raWidan dawyebuli migracia uaryfiTad Seafasa ilia WavWavaZem da sTxova qarTvel inteligencias, burJuazias gamoZebniliyo saxsrebi  da raWis Warbi mosaxleoba CaesaxlebinaT saqarTvelos barSi, kerZod kaxeTsa da qarTlSi.

      1886 wlis aRweriT raWis mazris mosaxleoba (dRevandeli onisa da ambrolauris raionebi) Seadgenda 78,0 aTas adamians. sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis simciris gamo regions uWirda Warbi mosaxleobis gamokveba, ris gamoc aqaurma mosaxleobam masiurad daiwyo gadasaxleba Crd. kavkasiaSi.

sainteresoa isic, rom am periodSi miwa yvelaze Zvirad raWis reginSi Rirda.

       regionma ramdenime migracia ganicada: maT-Soris  me-19 saukunis bolodan me-20 saukunis dasawyisamde Crdilo kavkasiaSi, amerikis kontinetze da SEdarebiT mcired  evripaSi.

me-20 saukunis 30- 40-ian wlebSi saxelmwifos CareviT kaxeTSi, afxazeTsa  da mesxeT-javaxeTSi.

      60- 70- ian wlebSi masiurad daiwyo axalgazrdebis gadineba didi qalaqebisaken Tbilisi, rusTavi, quTaisi, baTumi.

damoukideblobis wlebidan ki evropaSi, amerikaSi da gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi.

       2002 wlis aRweriT  raWis regionSi myofi mosaxleoba  orive regionSi  Seadgenda 19,0 aTasamde adamians, saidanac  TiTqmis 50% -ze meti pensioner iyo.

      faqtiurad 70-iani wlebidan iwyeba  regionSi  mosaxleobis bunebrivi kleba, gardacvalebam gadaaWarba dabadebas.

mcire magaliTi:

2004 wels onis raionSi daibada 39 bavSvi, xolo gardaicvala 293 adamiani.

ambrolauris raionSi daibada 107 bavSvi, xolo gardaicvala 416 adamiani.

mimdinare wels skolaSi movida onis raionSi 31 bavSvi.

ambrolauris raionSi 112 bavSvi.

ramdenime magaliTi:

sofeli Rebi – raWis yvelaze bolo sofeli  rf-s sazRvarze

gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi skolaSi swavlobda 650-mde moswavle, dReisaTvis  mxolod 45 bavSvia.

      1928 welsqarTveli eTnigrafis s. makalaTias cnobiT TemSi (Rebi, gona, CveSo, TevreSo) cxovrobda 800-mde komli, 6,0 aTasamde mosaxleobiT, dReisaTvis  aq mxolod 180-mde komlia 320 suliT, maT Soris 2 safexuriani  (iq sadac ori Taoba da meti cxovrobs) mxolod 70-mdea.

      mdinare jejoris xeobis 14 sofelSi, romelic uSualod esazRvreba konfliqtis regions (e.w samxreT oseTi) javis raions darCa 1 saSualo skola, sadac mxolod 24 bavSvi swavlobs. 2008 wlis konfliqtis Semdeg daixura wedisisa da qvedis dawyebiTi skolebi.

      SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dReis mdgomareobiT, raWis regioni demografiulad mkvdari regionia.

      erTaderTi qvemo raWaSi xvanWkaris regioni inarCunebs SedarebiT stabilurobas.

miwis resursi

miuxedavad imisa, riom raWis regioni mdidaria miwis resursebiT, s/sameurneo miwebi aq mainc mcirea. miwis udidesi nawili 160,0 ha-mde dakavebuli aqvs tyeebs. s/sameurneo farTobebi Sedgens daaxloebiT 85,0 aTas ha-s, saidanac 80% modis saTibsa da saZovrebze. uSualod s/sameurneo kulturebsa da saxnav-saTes miwebs uWiravs 6,5 ha-mde.

      aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi s/sameurneo miwebis didi nawilis gatyeveba moxda TiTqmis 30,0 aTas ha-ze meti, maT Soris onis raionSi 17,0 aTas ha-ze meti.

gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad daiwyo s/sameurneo miwebis gatyeveba 70-iani wlebis bolos, rodesac gauqmda kolmeurneobebi, Semcirda msxvilfexa pirutyvis raodenoba da naTesi farTobebi. dReisaTvis saTesi farTobebis TiTqmis 70% gadasulia saTib-saZovrebze.

70-80-ian wlebSi marto onis raionidan 5,0 aTas tonaze meti xili bardeboda sakonservo qarxnebs (rogorc kulturuli, aseve veluri jiSebi).

TiTqmis aRar iTeseba marcvleuli kulturebi: simindi, lobio da rac iTeseba, isic mxolod piradi gamoyenebisaTvis, misi mciredi nawili midis bazarze, daaxloebiT 10-15%.

bolo wlebSi erTaderTi progresi igrZnoba xvanWkaris zonaSi, sadac daiwyo axali venaxebis gaSeneba – bolo 15 wlis manZilze gaSenda 200 ha-ze meti axali venaxi, gaixsna ori axali Rvinis qarxana.

odnavi winsvlaa mefutkreobaSi, bolo wlebSi gaizarda futkris ojaxebis raodenoba da marto onis raionSi 2000 ojaxs gadaaWarba. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos bazarze raWuli Tafli yvelaze Zviria. adgilze 1 kilogramis fasi 15-18 laris farglebSi meryeobs.

regionSi misi resursebidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia futkris ojaxebis raodenoba 6000 ojaxamde gaizardos.

katastrofuli mdgomareobaa mecxoveleobaSi. regioni, sadac soflis meurneobis produqtebis udides nawils mecxoveleobis produqti warmoadgenda, dReisaTvis samrewvelo TvalsazrisiT faqtiurad mkvdaria. onis raionis magaliTi: msxvilfexa pirutyvis suladoba 1990 wlidan 1996 wlamde 8,6 aTasi sulidan TiTqmis 16,0 aTas sulamde gaizadra. am wlidan iwyeba masiuri Semcireba.  dReisaTvis raionSi misi raodenoba 5,0 aTasze naklebia.

meRoreoba – 1987 wels iyo yvelaze maRali maCvenebli – marto kooperaciulma seqtorma daamzada 160 tonaze meti tradiciuli raWuli lori, rac cocxal wonaSi TiTqmis 370 tonaze metia, amis garda saxelmwifos Cabarda 200 tonaze meti cocxali xorci.

dReis mdgomareobiT zogadi gaTvliT (radgan statistika aRar arsebobs), onis raionSi, kerZo glexur meurneobaSi Zalian mcire raodenobiT, daaxloebiT 2000 sulamdea SemorCenili Rori. 2 wlis ukan Wirma TiTqmis 80%-iT gaanadgura Roris suladoba.

regionis mosaxleobis dasaqmebaSi da maTi Semosavlebis formirebaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda satyeo seqtors, sadac wvril sawarmoebSi (saxerxebi, saamqroebi) teqnikaze (traqtorebi, xe-tyis mzidebi) dasaqmebuli iyo uravis, riceulis, TluRis MmTlianad onis raionis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis TiTqmis 20%.

      minda icodeT, rom tyeTmowyobis masalebiT regionis tyis Sematebis yovelwliuri resursi Seadgens 330,0 aTas m³ –ze mets. bolo 15 wlis manZilze mTel regionSi  samsale xe-tyis Wra weliwadSi ar ascilebia 11 aTas m³. maT Soris onis raionSi yvelaze maRali iyo 2001 weli – 4.5 aTasi m3. saSeSe xe-tye saSualod regionSi iWreba 60 aTasi m³-is odenobiT – erTi ojaxi (komli) saSualod wliurad moixmars 7 m³ saSeSe xe-tyes.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi regionSi iyos praqtikaSi danergili  rom adgilobriv mosaxleobaze komlze icemoda (ZiriTadi  iq sadac samasale xe-tye iWreboda) 5-10 m³ – samasale xe-tye piradi saWiroebisaTvis saidanac  80% xvdeboda bazarze – riTac mosaxleobis mcire Semosavali hqonda. dRes es TiTqmis mTlianad akrZalulia, gadasulia komerciul seqtorze. glexma, mcire  mewarmem dakarga Semosavlis wyaro. adgilobriv mewarmes ara aqvs imis finansuri saSualebebi, rom msxvili tenderebSi miiRos monawileoba.

struqturuli problemebi

Zalian cudi Sedegi moitana mTis regionebisaTvis konstituciidan mTis regionebze gansakuTrebuli muxlis amoRebam da aqedan gamomdinare “SeRavaTebi mTis regionisaTvis” kanonis gauqmebam. aseve pirveli donis TviTmarTvelobis (soflis, Temis) gauqmebam. ikargeba Temis, soflis tradiciuli, istoriuli sazRvrebi. saxelmwifo maqsimalurad cdilobs daepatronos soflis sakuTrebas miwebs, tyeebs – gansakuTrebiT cudad Semoutrialda raWis soflebs TiTqmis koleqtiurad miRebuli gadawyvetileba saerTo sakuTrebaSi daetovebinaT soflis kuTvnili saTibebi da saZovrebi, es miwebi dRes ukve gacxovelebuli vaWrobis sagani gaxda saxelmiwfos mxridan.

Secdoma iyo daSvebuli onis raionSi rodesac sasoflo (sakolmeurneo e.w.) tyeebi movla–patronobisaTvis TiTqmis 18 aTasi ha gadavida saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi.

mcire finansuri SesaZleblobebis gamo adgilobrivi kvalificiuri mewarmeebi TiTqmis ver iReben monawileobas adgilobriv tenderebSi (mSenebloba, napirsamagri samuSaoebi, tyiT sargebloba) yvela tenderSi igeben msxvili firmebi, maTi mxridan ki adgilobrivi mosaxleobis  dasaqmeba faqtiurad ar xdeba, rac iwvevs kvalificiuri kadrebis gadinebas regionidan.

inteleqtualuri programebi

skolebis masiurma gauqmebam, sabiujeto seqtoris TiTqmis mTlianad mospobam soflebSi gamoiwvia is rom masiurad gaedineba soflebidan inteleqtualuri resursi, aRar darCa agronomi, zooinJineri, veterinari, inJineri.

gamosworebis gzebi

1. saxelmwifo proteqcionisturi politika saqarTvelos mTis regionebisaTvis, rac unda gamoixatos pirvel rigSi axali kanoniT „mTis regionebisaTvis SeRavaTebis miniWebiT“ sadac aucileblad unda iyos:

1. SeRavaTebi sagadasaxado kuTxiT;

2. mravalSviliani ojaxebis waxaliseba;

3. soflebis s/sameurneo teqnikiT uzrunvelyofa;

4. pedagogebisaTvis, eqimebisaTvis, s/meurneobis muSakebisaTvis SeRavaTebis daweseba;

5. ufaso  veterinaruli momsaxureoba;

2.  xelSewyoba sameurneo seqtors, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba:

1. gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis Seqmna-moqmedeba, maT Soris; xilis, veluri xilis, resursebis gadamuSaveba, mecxoveleobis xelSewyoba;

samkurnalo mcenareebis (riTac gansakuTrebiT mdidaria raWis alpuri zona) tyis resursebis gadamamuSavebeli warmoeba;

sanerge meurneobis Seqmna (kakali, Txili, wabli, akacia, cacxvi, kavkasiuri soWi, urTxmeli, bza da sxva unikaluri jiSebi);

turizmisa da sakurorto meurneobis xelSewyoba;

bunebrivi mineraluri resursebis gadamuSaveba (mineraluri wyali, qva, bariti);

2. glexuri meurneobebis gaZliereba gansakuTrebiT im soflebSi sadac jer kidev SemorCenilia orsafexuriani ojaxebi da izrdeba momavali Taobebi.

vasil metreveli