სასოფლო-სამეურნეო სავარგულების განაწილება: შედეგები და პრობლემები

                                                   zurab reviSvili

Esasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis ganawileba: Sedegebi da problemebi

    saqarTvelos ekonomikuri arsebobisa da gadarCenis safuZvlad, mravalricxovan mterTan esoden xangrZlivi brZolis warmoebis SesaZleblobis umTavres pirobad, ilia WavWavaZes “miwismflobelobis wesi” miaCnda anu “samarTlianad morigebuli” wesi miwis patronobisa(1).   

  mosazrebebs Soris, romelic arsebobda ssrk-s daSlis Semdgom miwebis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas imsaxurebs 1991 wels m. gorbaCovisadmi gagzavnili ekonomikis sferoSi cnobili dasavleli ekonomistebis jgufis Ria werili(1991 wels werils xels awerda 29 cnobili avtoriteti, romelTa Sorisaa nobelis laureatebi _ franko modiliani, jeims tobini da robert solou, xolo 1996 wels maT SeuerTda kidev erTi nobelis premiis laureati uiliam vikri). am mimarTvaSi isini Tvlian, rom msoflio gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, umjobesia miwaze SenarCunebul yofiliyo saxelmwifo sakuTreba da saxelmwifo Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani nawili Camoyalibebuliyo miwis rentis formiT. isini weren, rom dasavleTis qveynebis ukeT ganviTarebas didad aferxebda  miwis kerZo sakuTreba, vinaidan kerZo seqtori iTvisebs miwis rentis did nawils(2).   

  soflis meurneobis reformireba kompleqsur midgomebs saWiroebda, pirvel rigSi mas unda moecva sasoflo-sameurneo  savargulebis ganawileba da optimaluri zomis meurneobebis formireba; metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgenda sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis ganawileba da teqnikiT momsaxurebis pirobebis, momsaxurebis erTeulebisa Tu centrebis Camoyalibeba. reformirebis mniSvnelovani elementi unda yofiliyo axlad Seqmnili meurneobebis agronomiuli da zoo-veterinaruli momsaxurebis sistemis formireba; axali jiSebisa da kulturebis samecniero-kvleviTi dawesebulebebis SenarCuneba da axali saWiroebebis Tanaxmad maTi reformireba; regionebsa da raionebSi sainformacio-sakonsultacio centrebis qselis Seqmna. reformirebis mniSvnelovani elementi unda yofiliyo soflis meurneobis sakredito sistemis reorganizacia da meurneobaTa mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis saSualo Tu grZelvadiani kreditebis xelmisawvdomobisaTvis xelSewyoba. reformirebas unda moecva sairigacio da sadrenaJo sistemebis funqcionireba.

   2001 welsEsaqarTvelos soflad mcxovreb 772,9 aTas komlze gaangariSebiT saSualod erT  komlze modioda 4,18 ha savarguli, aqedan daaxloebiT 1,47 ha saxnavi da mravalwliani nargavi da 2,68 ha saTib-saZovari(3). 2003 wlis 1 aprilisaTvis faqtiurad miwa sakuTrebaSi gaunawilda 1110,8 komls, maT Soris soflad mcxovreb 772,5 aTas komls sakuTrebaSi gadaeca 690,1 aTasi ha, saSualod 0,89 ha da qalaqad mcxovreb (338,3 aTasi ojaxi) ojaxs sakuTrebaSi gadaeca 72,9 aTasi ha, saSualod gadaeca _ 0,22 ha.  am periodisaTvis sul sakuTrebaSi ganawilda mTliani sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis(3023,5 aTasi ha) 25,2%. amave periodisaTvis fizikur da iuridiul pirebze ijariT gaica 905,1 aTasi ha anu mTeli sasoflo-sameurneo savargulis 29,9 %-i.  mTlianad ijariT gacemuli miwebidan 473,1 AaTasi ha miiRo 40,2 aTasma fizikurma pirma, anu saSualod erTma fizikurma pirma miiRo 11,8 ha; xolo 4,2 aTasma iuridiulma pirma ijariT miiRo 432,0 aTasi ha savarguli, anu saSualod erT iuridiul pirze modioda 102,9 ha(4). miwebis ganawilebis procesi naCqarevad ganxorcielebis gamo, igi darRvevebiT mimdinareobda; mTlianad ganawilebis procesma aCvena, rom igi saWiroebda TviTeuli regionisaTvis saTanado gaazrebas da konkretuli resursebis, pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas. 

   saqarTveloSi 2004 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo aRweram aCvena rom, sasoflo sameurneo miwebis mqone Sinameurneobebis 43,2%-s qonda 0,5 ha-ze naklebi; 0,5-0,99 ha miwa hqonda 32%-s meurneobebisas e.i. 1 ha-ze naklebi hqonda 75,2%-s meurneobebisa; 1-1,99 ha-mde hqonda mxolod 18,3%-s meurneobebisa; 2-2,99 ha _ 3%-s da 3-4 ha hqonda 1,4 %-s Sinameurneo-bebisa. amasTan,  meurneobebis mcire zomis farTobebi danawevrebulia, nakveTebi gabneulia da mniSvnelovnadaa erTmaneTs dacilebuli. aRweris monacemebiT erT nakveTiani meurneobebi Seadgenda mTeli meurenobebis  33,9%-s, 2-3 nakveTiani iyo meurneobaTa 48,8%; 4-5 nakveTiani meurneoba iyo 13% meurneobebisa da 6-9 nakveTiani iyo 3,9% meurneobebisa(5).

  gauazrebeli, naCqarevi, mZarcveluri interesebiT nakarnaxevi, populisturi, e.w. reformebis Sedegad katastrofulad Semcirda sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika. 1992-1997ww. traqtorebis raodenoba Semcirda TiTqmis  2-jer, satvirTo avtomanqanebis _ 1,8-jer, kombainebis raodenoba 20%-iT(6).

  dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi mwarmoeblebi mcire da saSualo zomis ojaxuri Sinameurneobebia.  maT ara aqvT kreditis aRebis SesaZlebloba, regionebis umetesobaSi ganuviTarebelia infrastruqturebi, romlebic moamarageben maT TeslebiT, Sxam-qimikatebiT, sasuqebiT da warmoebis sxva saSualebebiT. ganuviTarebelia samsaxurebi, romlebic gauweven maT konsultaciebs axali agroteqnologiebis danergvaSi, ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlianobis gadidebasa da mecxoveleobis produqtiulobis gazrdaSi, sasaqonlo produqciis warmoebasa da realizaciaSi. umravles SemTxvevaSi, Sinameurneobebis wevrebs aqvT araswori an arasruli codna agro-teqnikur da zoo-veterinalur sakiTxebze.  sasoflo Sinameurneobebis umetesi nawili mwvaved ganicdis traqtorebis, misabmelebis, kombainebis deficits. saxezea tendencia, meqanizirebuli samuSaoebis Semcirebisa da cocxali gamwevi ZaliT(xari, cxeni) Tu xelis iaraRebiT Sromis wilis gadidebisa. mcire da saSualo sasoflo Sinameurneobebis umetesi nawili orientirebulia TviTuzrunvelyofaze da mTlianad axasiaTebs metad dabali sasaqonlo warmoebis done.

  Sinameurneobis aRniSnuli problemebi gavlenas axdenen maT mosavlianobaze da produqtiulobaze. 2000-2008ww. saqarTveloSi saSualoUALOmosalianobisa da produqtiulobis mkveTr ryevebTan erTad adgili hqonda maTi Semcirebis tendencias. oficialuri monacemebiT Tu qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSi soflis meurneobis, nadirobis, metyeveobisa da TevzWeris wili Seadgenda 2000wels  20,6%-s, 2008 wels man Sedgina _ 8,9%(7).   saqarTvelos mTlian Sida produqtSi soflis meurneobis wilis mkveTri Semcireba da mTlian dasaqmebaSi soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulebis wilis umniSvnelo Semcireba(2008w. soflis meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebulTa da mamulSi usasyidlod momuSaveTa wili Seadgenda mTliani dasaqmebis daaxloebiT 50%-s) metyvelebs soflis meurneobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ojaxur SinameurneobebSi produqtiulobis Semcirebaze, am meurneobaTa garkveuli wevrebis arasrul dasaqmebisa Tu faruli umuSevrobis gadidebis tendenciaze(8). 

  msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom meurneobaTa saSualo zomebis gadidebis tendencia da mamulebis konsolidacia, mimdinareobs, rogorc sabazro Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, ise saxelmwifo politikis gavleniT.   rigi miwis SezRuduli resursebis mqone qveynebis(am mxriv sayuradReboa skandinaviis qveynebis gamocdileba) gamocdilebaTa gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze, vfiqrobT, rom saxelmwifo politika mimarTuli unda iyos, erTi mxriv, SinameurneobaTa saSualo zomis optimalurad gadidebisaken, xolo meore mxriv, igi unda zRudavdes optimalur meurneobaze ufro didi meurneobebis da Sesabamisad msxvili miwaTmflobelobis warmoqmnasa da funqcionirebas.   saqarTveloSi, gamomdinare arsebuli viTarebidan da Sinameurneobebis mdgradi ganviTarebis aucieleblobidan, saWiroa miwebis gadanawilebis iseTi politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic xels Seuwyobs meurneobaTa saSualo zomebis gadidebas 2-3 ha-mde. amave dros, adgilobrivi miwis resursebidan gamomdinare, regionebisaTvis diferencirebulad unda ganisazRvros meurneobebis saSualo, maqsimaluri Tu minimaluri zoma, dadgindes ijariT gasacemi miwis zRvruli sidide. agraruli politika, mimarTuli unda iyos mcire da saSualo Sinameurneobebis gaerTianebisaken, glexuri da fermeruli kooperativebis, asociaciebis Seqmnisaken.