evelin baumani1
postsabWoTa qveynebSi ganxorcielebulma reformebma,
romelic mowodebuli iyo imisaTvis, raTa gardaeqmnaT
gegmuri ekonomika neo-liberalurad, gamoiwvies Rrma
cvlilebebi Sromis bazarze. sabWoTa reJimis dros mosaxleobis
udidesi umravlesobisTvis, dasaqmebis garantiam,
romelic aRiqmeboda rogorc ufleba, da romelic
gulisxmobda, agreTve, usafrTxoebas iseTi cxovrebiseuli
ubedurebisas, rogoricaa avadmyofoba, Sromis uunaroba,
siqvrive, da a.S., adgili dauTmo statusuri mdgomareobis
simyifes, gaRaribebas da socialur gariyvas.
saqarTvelo, romelzec aq iqneba laparaki, Doing business
saagentos klasifikaciis mixedviT ganTavsebulia iseTi
`samagaliTo~ qveynebis rigSi, romlebsac aqvT gansakuTrebiT
moqnili kanonmdebloba dasaqmebis sferoSi, kanonmdebloba,
romelic miCneulia mimzidvelad biznesis xelmZRvanelebisTvis
da xelSemwyobad samuSao adgilebis
SeqmnisTvis. magram neo-liberaluri reformebi aferxeben
amas. mSromelTa Zalian mcire nawils aqvs samuSao,
romelic SedarebiT myaria da regularuli xelfasis
momcemi. yvela danarCeni cxovrobs SemTxveviTi dasaqmebiT
da es samsaxuri didwilad arastabiluria. 2006 wels
daaxloebiT aTidan oTxi qarTveli iTvleboda Raribad
im gansazRvrebiT, romelic miRebulia politikuri wreebis
mier.2 solidaroba da gadanawileba (redistribucia),
romelsac saxelmwifo axorcielebs minimaluria, socialuri
daxmareba miecema martooden sruliad usaxsroebs.
imisTvis, rom moxdes Rirseuli cxovrebis donis
uzrunvelyofa dRevandel saqarTveloSi, xSirad gamoiyeneba
iseTive tipis midgomebi, romlebic gamarTlebuli
iyo sabWoTa reJimSi. magram kidev ufro metad, vidre warsulSi,
centralur rols aqtorTa strategiebSi Tama-
Soben pirovnuli kavSirebi.
1. dasaqmeba ekonomikuri da socialuri
transformaciis periodSi
sabWoTa kavSirSi dasaqmebis sferos koordinacia xorcieldeboda,
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, imgvaradve,
rogorc kapitalistur ekonomikebSi (Simon 1999). miuxedaved
mTavrobis mcdelobisa daegegmaT Sromis anazRaureba,
mSromelebi met-naklebad Tavisufalni iyvnen im
mxriv, rom SeeZloT samsaxuris Secvla, xolo rac Seexeba
damqiraveblebs, maT Tavisuflad SeeZloT amoerCiaT
is mosamsaxure, romelic sWirdebodaT. miuxedavad mcire
anazRaurebisa, Sroma iyo socialuri da ekonomikuri
CarTulobis ZiriTadi saSualeba da garda amisa, samuSao
adgilze xdeboda swored socialuri identurobis Camoyalibeba.
asrulebdnen ra aRiarebul socialur rols,
sawarmoebi monawileobdnen erTmaneTTan SejibrebaSi da
amiT izidavdnen da erTgulebis grZnobas unergavdnen
mSromelebs materialuri upiratesobebis miniWebisa, Tu
simboluri waxalisebis gziT. aqedan gamomdinare, dasaqmebis
mobiluroba iyo Zalian msgavsi imisa, rac odesRac
arsebobda evropul qveynebSi. magram miuxedavad amisa
`Sromis bazari~ xasiaTdeba Tavisi institutebis sisustiT.
postsabWoTa periodSi maregulirebeli institutebis
Seqmna, amdenad, warmoadgens uprecedento gamowvevas,
romelic principuli formiT wamoiWreba gadawyvetilebis
mimRebTa winaSe.
standartuli ekonomikuri Teoria didi xnis manZilze
amtkicebda, rom neo-liberaluri ekonomikis SemoRebis
gamo, resursebis axali ganTavseba aisaxeba pirvel xanebSi
dasaqmebis Semcirebaze, rasac Tan axlavs umuSevrobis
zrda, ris gamoc xdeba TviTdasaqmeba muSaxelisa axlad
gaxsnili kerZo sawarmoebis meSveobiT. am procesSi reformebis
gatarebis siswrafe, iseve rogorc fiskaluri
zewola, romelsac ganicdis es warmoeba, gadamwyvet rols
asrulebs (Aghien et Blanchard 1994, Andreff 2003). aRmoCnda,
rom samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ZiriTadad rCeba imedad:
dsT-s umravles qveynebSi srulebiT ar xdeba “registrirebuli~
samuSao adgilebis zrda da gardamavali drois
umuSevrobam3 mudmivi xasiaTi miiRo, da gagrZelda
ekonomikis aRdgenis Semdegac, Tundac es zrda umniSvnelo
iyos. am umuSevrobas aqvs `damdgari wylis~ yvela
Tviseba (Boeri 2001). umuSevrobis gansakuTrebiT mkacri
gansazRvreba, rimelic miRebulia saqarTveloSi4 cxadad
avlens am fenomenis endemur xasiaTs. samagierod `araformaluri
ekonomika~5 izrdeba, ekonomika, romelic aris
`unregulated by institustions of society, in a legal and social environment
where similar activities are regulated~ (ar regulirdeba
sazogadoebrivi institutebiT, iseT samarTlebriv da
socialur garemoSi sadac msgavsi aqtivobebi regulirebadia)
(Portes et al. 1991:12). es aspeqti, romelic ZiriTadia
Sromis samyaroSi, arasakmarisad aris Sefasebuli
`klasilur~ ekonomikur modelebSi (Bouev 2004).
mcire savaWro aqtivobebi – (swored aseTi saqmianoba
igulisxmeba, rodesac sakiTxi exeba araformalur
ekonomikas) Seexeba ZiriTadad araregistrirebul mikrosawarmoebs,
romlebic gaurbian nebismier normebs da movaleobebs,
gansakuTrebiT fiskalur sferoSi. saqarTveloSi
es exeba eqvs - Svid sameurneo aqtivobas aTidan,
sulerTia, iqneba es komercia, momsaxureba, saxelosno
warmoeba, Tu soflis meurneoba. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
48% aris soflis mosaxleoba. mcire sasoflosameurneo
meurneobebi iqcevian erTgvar TavSesafrad ara
mxolod imaTTvis, vinc gamovida kolmeurneobebidan uSualod
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis damyarebisTanave
1991 wels, rodesac TiToeul glexs sakuTrebaSi mieca
1,25 heqtaris odenobis miwis nakveTi (sumbaZe 2003), aramed
es gaxda erTgvari gadawyveta problemisa yofili ma-
Raroebis muSebisTvis da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad
dangreuli samrewvelo kompleqsebis TanamSromlebisTvis.
saqme exeba arsebiTad TviTgadarCenis sasoflo
meurneobas, risi wyalobiTac xdeba ojaxis sasursaTo
racionis Sevseba, maSin roca ZiriTadi fuladi Semosavlebis
miReba xdeba ara sasoflo-sameurneo aqtivobiT
(Bezemer & Davis 2003). mTlianobaSi am meurneobebis udidesi
umravlesoba warmoadgens ufro metad TviTgadarCenisken
mimarTul aqtivobas, vidre samewarmeos, Tu Sumpeteris
midgomas davesesxebiT. amdenad, rogorc Cans, Secdoma
iqneboda droSi mis momaval ganviTarebaze saubari,
miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT naklebad damaimedebel
ekonomikur da politikur konteqstebs. aqve aRsaniSnavia,
rom SedarebiT didi sawarmoebic xSirad funqcionireben
legalurobis zRvarze, anu ise, rom ara aqvT gancxadebuli
Tavis saqmianobasa da personalze. sarwmuno monacemebis
mixedviT, araformalurma ekonomikam miaRwia
sarekordo maCvenebels – Sida erovnuli produqtis 67%-
s (Schneider 2002), da am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo uaxlovdeba
laTinuri amerikis zogierT qveyanas.
arsebobs mTeli rigi saqmianobebi, romlebic, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, fasdeba rogorc umuSevroba.
ekonomikuri mecniereba Cveulebriv acxadebs, rom
ekonomikuri zrdis konteqstSi, TandaTanobiT es saqmianobebi
gardaiqmneba sawarmoebad, moxdeba maTi registracia
da amis Semdeg isini Seasruleben Tavis movaleobebs
kanonis Sesabamisad. Tumca, amasTan, sxva qveynebis
gamocdileba, romlebic `klasikurad~ ~samxreTis~ qveynebad
miiCneva, didwilad ewinaaRmdegeba aseTi evoluciis
kvazi-avtomaturobis ideas (Lautier 1994). sinamdvileSi,
araformaluri praqtika narCundeba da araregistrirebuli
mcire sawarmoebi kvlav ganagrZoben Zvelebur arsebobas
ekonomikuri zrdis periodSic. iReben ra Tavisuflebas
gansazRvrul movaleobebTan erTad, rac gulisxmobs sagadasaxado normebis, SromiTi kanonmdeblobis,
usafrTxoebis da xarisxis normebis dacvas, amave dros
mcire mewarmeebi upirveles yovlisa cdiloben `Tavi gadairCinon~,
SeinarCunon konkurentunarianoba da, Sesa-
Zleblobisdagvarad, CaerTon martooden ekonomikuri
akumulaciis (dagrovebis) martiv procesSi. amisaTvis
isini moqmedeben legaluribis zRvarze, amarTleben ra
Tavis qcevas gegmuri ekonomikis droindeli principebiT.
(Shlapentokh 1989), oRond ukeTeben amas sxva interpretacias,
imisda mixedviT, rogoria axali konteqsti. Tavis
mxriv, warmoadgenen ra Tavs, rogorc araregistrirebuli
mikro-erTeulebi, sawarmoebs, romlebic gaxsnilia
quCaSi, SeuZliaT Seamciron Tavisi produqciis Rirebuleba.
miecema ra gansazRvreba da ganirCeva ra formaluri
tipis sawarmoebi patara erTeulebisgan, romlebic yidian
produqcias, sazRvrebi formalurad wodebul ekonomikasa
da araformalurad wodebul ekonomikas Soris qreba,
Tumca es sazRvrebi ganixileba zogierT naSromSi,
raTa ufro moxerxebuli iyos analizi; es fenomeni
sazRvrebis gaqrobisa agreTve cnobilia sxva ekonomikur
konteqstebSi.
rac Seexeba mmarTvelebs, isini amravleben iniciativebs,
raTa qveyana uzrunvelyon kanonmdeblobiT, romelic
gulisxmobs sabazro ekonomikis normebs. es mcdeloba miT
ufro legitimuria, rom vardebis revoluciis Semdeg
(noemberi, 2003), saqarTvelo uSualod SeuerTda evropis
samezoblo politikas (ENP). am politikis Tanaxmad,
unda Seiqmnas evrokavSiris mezobel qveynebSi erTgvarovani
ekonomikuri sivrce, sadac daculi iqneba sabazro
ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli normebi. rasakvirvelia,
pasuxismgebeli pirebi briuselSi am qveynebis mimarT
gamsWvalulni arian garkveulwilad, humanuri
grZnobebiT, magram kargi iqneba da legitimuric, rom isini
dainteresdnen im SesaZlo SedegebiTac, romelsac iwvevs
evrokavSiris teritoriaze arsebuli am wesebis damkvidreba
im mosazRvre qveynebSi, sadac daucvelobis metis-metad maRali donea. rac Seexeba kerZod Sromis sferos,
legitimuria agreTve isini dainteresdnen aseTi gadatanis
ukuefeqtiT evropisTvis, rodesac mis garSemo arsebul
qveynebSi iseTi Sromis pirobebia, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian
aranair regulirebas.
amgvarad, moxda ise, rom ultra-liberaluri Sromis
kodeqsi miRebul iqna 2006 wels (Antadze 2007a, International
Center for Human Developmant et al. 2006), riTac Tbilisma
saerTaSoriso saagentoebis mowoneba daimsaxura.6 amave
dros paradoqsulia, rom, aniWebs ra yvelaze did upiratesobas
Sromis uflebebis usafrTxoebas, kanoni asaxavs
mxolod iseTi tipis zomebs, romlebic naklebad emsaxureba
mSromelTa yvelaze elementaruli uflebebis
uzrunvelyofas, rogoricaa magaliTad, SesaZlebloba
kontraqtis Sedgenisa samsaxurze zepiri molaparakebis
Sedegad. (Tavi 2. muxli 6). warmoadgens ra integrirebul
nawils im aqtiuri sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisa, romelic
xorcieldeba vardebis revoluciis Semdgom, es Sromis
kodeqsi Zalian cota xania, rac arsebobs, amitom Cven ar
SegviZlia winaswar davgmoT misi moqmedebis SesaZlo Sedegi
ekonomikisTvis, Tumca cxadia rom mTlianobaSi is metad
mkacria.7 samarTliania iTqvas, agreTve, rom Sromis kodeqsis
garda, dasaqmebis politikac akeTebs metad cotas,
raTa masze vilaparakoT. Sromis inspeqcia TiTqmis aRar
arsebobs, da Sromis, jandacvisa da socialur sakiTxTa
saministroSi TanamSromelTa raodenoba, romelTac evaleba
sakuTriv Sromis sakiTxebi, Tavmoyrilia erT xel-
Si.8 Tu SevajamebT dawvrilebiT zomebs samuSao adgilebis
SeqmnisTvis, zomebs, romelTa dakanoneba moxda adgilobrivi
arCevnebis win 2006 wlis mesame kvartalSi, Cven
ver visaubrebT dasaqmebis namdvil politikaze, sakuTari
operacionaluri institutebiT, Tavisi prioritetebiTa
da Tavisi kalendriT.
2. `socialisturi usafrTxoebis kvaldakval~...
evolucia, romelic gaiara Sromis sferom postsab-
WoTa qveynebSi ai ukve TxuTmet welze metia, xasiaTdeba
upirveles yovlisa SromiTi Semosavlebis SemWidrovebiT
– saSualo Tviuri xelfasi aRwevs daaxloebiT 200 lars,
TiTqmis 90ˆ _ da metismetad arasaimedo statusiT. ase-
Ti viTarebis gadasalaxavad qarTvelebi ara marto iZulebulni
gaxdnen SeeqmnaT TavisTvis dasaqmebis adgilebi,
saqmianobis sfero, sadac mikorfinansireba SeiZleba
aRwevdes dasaxul mizans, aramed Tavad izrunon Tavis socialur
dacvazec. Cven davinaxavT ufro mogvianebiT, rom
imisTvis rom upasuxon am ormag moTxovnas, isini axdenen
Tavisi pirovnuli kavSirebis mobilizacias.
sabWoTa reJimis dros socialuri dacva lato sensu,
uzrunvelyofili dagegmarebis procesebiT (Andrews &
Ringold 1999), ganicdeboda rogorc ufleba. Teoriulad
TiToeuli moqalaqe rogorc minimum, sargeblobda erTi
mxriv, erTgvari materialuri usafrTxoebiT dasaqmebis
wyalobiT, da meore mxriv, mas uzrunvelyofili hqonda
jandacva, pensia da daxmarebebi Sromis uunarobis SemTxvevaSi.
amgvarad, usafrTxoebis qseli mimarTuli iyo martooden
specifiur jgufebze, rogoricaa magaliTad,
ojaxebi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSia xeibrebi, omis veteranebi
da a.S. sxva sityvebiT, riski iyo Semcirebuli da
Senelebuli garantirebuli dasaqmebis politikisa da
sagangebo daxmarebebis wyalobiT, romlebic eZleoda adamianebs
Sromis uunarobis SemTxvevaSi. ramdenadac xelisufleba
ZiriTadad misdevda politikas, rodesac
gadawyvetilebebi miiReba ex ante, ar xdeboda riskebis
prevenciis saxelmwifo strategiis SemuSaveba. Teoriulad
ojaxebs miT ufro naklebad SeeZloT siRaribeSi
Cavardniliyvnen, rom fasebi kvebis produqtebze, sawvavze,
iseve rogorc binis qira didwilad anazRaurebuli iyo
saxelmwifos mier. metic, yvela da TiToeuli cdilobda
gaqceoda Raribis statuss, rac garkveul daRs asvams adamians: sruli dasaqmebis politikis maRal dafasebas
Tan sdevda asimilireba specifiur `socialur SemTxvebTan~
im adamianebisa, visac ar SeeZlo muSaoba.
amgvari politika iwvevda fasebis Seusabamobas, rac
ewinaaRmdegeboda sabazro ekonomikas, romelic aRiarebul
iqna xelisuflebaSi mosuli adamianebis mier
damoukideblobis miRebis meore dResve. marTlac, im momentSi,
rodesac administrirebuli ekonomika iZulebiT
daingra, aradamakmayofilebeli fuladi uzrunvelyofa,
rac gamoixateboda maT Soris arasakmaris dasaqmebaSi,
xdeboda sul ufro da ufro TvalsaCino, rac iwvevda
muSaxelis nebayoflobiT gadenas, da gansakuTrebiT samuSaodan
daTxovnis talRebs. arsebobda ra Zlierad
gamoxatuli kavSiri dasaqmebas, socialur dacvas da
socialur CarTulobas Soris, samsaxuris dakargva
damoukideblobis meore dRes gaxda miT ufro mZime da
hqonda imdenad mZime Sedegebi, rom mSromelebi arc materialurad
da arc fsiqologiurad mzad ar iyvnen
amisTvis. faqtobrivad saqme exeboda gadasvlas SedarebiT
egalitaruli (Tanaswori) sistemidan – rac,
rasakvirvelia srulebiTac ar gamoricxavda privilegiebs,
romelic miniWebuli hqonda mosaxleobis zogierT
kategorias _ sistemidan, romelic xasiaTdeboda qalTa
aqtivobis maRali xarisxiT da cxovrebis gansazRvruli
doniT, romelic saboloo jamSi, rasakvirvelia, sakmaod
mokrZalebulic iyo, iseT sistemaze, sadac Zalian maRalia
riskis SesaZlebloba: riski avadmyofobisa da Sromis
uunarobisa, riski samuSaos dakargvisa da umuSevrobis,
riski imisa, rom ojaxma dakargos finansuri daxmareba
da a.S. meore mxriv _ da, ueWvelia, swored amaSi
mdgomareobs gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli simZime _
sabazro ekonomikaSi samsaxuris dakargva xSirad tolfasia
socialuri statusis dakargvis, metic, tolfasia
socialuri gariyulobis riskisa. aseTi viTareba daatyda
Tavs gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc Seadgens nomenklaturis nawils, magaliTad mkvlevarebs, maRal funqcionerebs (Cinovnikebs),
samxedroebs.
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi, saqarTvelos
erovnuli mrewveloba daingra _ zogierTi wyaros
mixedviT, 75%-iT, Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es
procenti gadaWarbebulia9 _ inflacia yovelTviurad
Seadgenda 60%-s, xelfasebi gaicemoda ramdenime Tvis
dagvianebiT da amave dros samoqalaqo ommac moaxdina
qveynis destabilizacia. swored am pirobebSi SemoRebul
iqna erTgvari daxmarebebi, romelTac ZiriTadad hqondaT
simboluri Rirebuleba. Soks, romelic dakavSirebuli
iyo `klasikuri~ dacvis sistemis danergvasTan, daemata
riskebi, romelic aucileblobiT Tan sdevs sabazro
ekonomikas, sadac individebs ZiriTadad eZlevaT imdeni,
ramdensac isini awarmoeben. swored am droidan
saqarTvelom iwvnia Ratak momuSaveTa fenomeni (working
poor), saidanac wamovida siRaribesTan brZolis ramdenime
politikis SemuSaveba, rac socialuri politikis centraluri
sayrdenia.
3. ... individis pasuxismgeblurobis zrdis mcdeloba
politika, romelic iwarmoeba socialuri dacvis sferoSi
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisidan, da romelic
mowodebulia Seamciros socialuri daucveloba, Sei-
Zleba ase SevajamoT10: jandacvis struqturebis gajansaReba,
medicinis liberalizacia da samedicino daxmarebis
dafinansebaze gadasvla, inicireba nebayoflobiTi
dazRvevisa da pensiis kapitalizaciis (dagroviTi) formulebisa,
daxmareba saxelmwifos mxridan yvelaze umweoebisTvis.
maSin roca aseT konteqstSi swored individma
unda daicvas Tavi cxovrebiseuli SemTxveviTobebisgan,
socialuri uzrunvelyofa TandaTanobiT gadaiqceva erTgvarad
erovnuli solidarobis gamovlinebad da naklebad
aris ganxiluli, rogorc ufleba. Rebusazogadod
miRebulia, rom damoukideblobamde jandacvis
momsaxureba saqarTveloSi iyo saukeTeso xarisxis,
ukeTesi, vidre sxvagan sabWoTa kavSirSi (lomaSvili 2003).
magram rogorc sxva post-sabWoTa qveynebSi, socialuri
usafrTxoebis Zveli modeli ar aRmoCnda misaRebi neoliberalur
konteqstSi, da upirveles yovlisa, sistemuri
rigis mizezebis gamo. damoukideblobis miRebisTanave
da Semdgom uaxloes periodSi, jandacvis samsaxurebma
iwvnies ekonomikis dangrevis da samoqalaqo omis Sedegebis
mTeli simware. devnilebi Sefarebul iyvnen saavadmyofoebSi,
romlebSic isini ikavebdnen Senobis daaxloebiT
90%-s. es pirobebi, iseve rogorc saxalxo resursebis
mkveTri Semcireba, rac dakavSirebulia samoqalaqo omTan,
da kidev ufro metad, erovnuli ekonomikis ngrevasTan,
rac gamowveuli iyo tradiciuli bazrebis dakargviT, unda
misuliyo Zveli sistemis daSlasTan.!! janmrTelobis indikatorebze
es viTareba gansakuTrebiT dramatulad
aisaxa. gadawyvetilebis mimRebebma, gansazRvres ra
ekonomikuri politika rogorc prioritetuli, janmrTelobaze
zrunva sul ufro da ufro damokidebuli gaxades
gadaxdaze, rasac Sedegad mohyva moTxovnis dacemac.
Sedegebi naTlad Tavs iCenden jandacvis sferoSi, da es
sul ufro cxadi xdeboda. miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba
samedicino personalis Semcirebis Taobaze12. magram es
zomebi unda Sejaxebodnen upirveles yovlisa im did
prestiJs, riTac sargeblobda qarTvel sazogadoebaSi
eqimis profesia. amis gamo Semdeg moxda ise, rom Sromis
bazarze masobrivad gamovidnen jandacvis axalgazrda
profesionalebi, romelTa momravleba dakavSirebuli iyo
mTeli rigi mravalricxovani kerZo saswavlo institutebis
gaxsnasTan rac iyo Sedegi imisa, rom moxda ganaTlebis
liberalizacia13. da bolos, klientelizmi ar aZlevda
saSualebas politikur wreebs mieRoT metismetad mkacri
zomebi am socio-profesiuli kategoriis mimarT,
romelic Seadgenda qveynis elitas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Zalian mwir momsaxurebas, romelic
amieridan xorcieldeboda saxelmwifo struqturebis
mier, mosaxleoba sul ufro metad mimarTavda kerZo medicinas14.
dRes-dReobiT, iTvleba, rom saqarTveloSi
samedicino momsaxurebis 80% xorcieldeba kerZo seqtor-
Si da am momsaxurebis gadaxdas awarmoeben uSualod pacientebi.
daxmarebebi, romlebic a priori ufasos xdis mkurnalobas,
riTac sargebloben zogierTi gansakuTrebiT
mZimed daavadebuli adamianebi, xdeba sakamaTo, ramdenadac
Sesabamisi gankargulebebi (reglamentaciebi) aris
Zalian bundovani, maT Soris xSirad TviT jandacvis profesionalebisTvis,
da amdenad qarTvelebi savsebiT `normalurad~
miiCneven, rom gadaxda moxdes pirdapir maT
mkurnal personalTan. (Belli et al. 2002).
sadazRvevo sistema sul axlaxan Tu dgams pirvel
nabijebs. marTlac, 2004 w. saqarTvelos mTavrobam xmis
misacemad gamoitana ramdenime kanoni am mimarTulebiT,
magram es kanonebi ukan iqna gamoZaxebuli. amdenad aRmoCnda,
rom wlebis manZilze sadazRvevo sistemis damkvidrebaze
zrunva atarebda SemTxveviT xasiaTs16: am viTarebas
Tu uSlida rame, es pirvel rigSi iyo finansuri sa-
Sualebebis nakleboba da, gansakuTrebiT, politikuri
nebis simtkice ar miRebuliyo iseTi zomebi, romlebic
SeiZleba Sejaxebodnen mwvave ukmayofilebas mosaxleobis
mxridan. amisda miuxedavad, socialuri usafrTxoebis
sferoSi gamocdileba grovdeba. es gamocdileba xels
uwyobs mSromelTa profkavSirebis Seqmnas, romlebic
xels Seuwyoben nebayoflobiTi dazRvevis msurvelebs ker-
Zo holdingebis gziT. es gamocdileba mimarTulia agreTve
mTel rig sasoflo erTobebze (kavSirebze), gamgeobebze,
da mxardaWerilia USAID-is mier. dabolos, zogierTi
mikrofinansuri instituti ukve cdilobs daaarsos mikrodazRveva
arsebul qonebaze dayrdnobiT (Matul 2005).
Tanxis problemebi dgeba gansakuTrebiT pensiebis sferoSi.
2006 wels 950000 qarTveli, rac metia, vidre
mosaxleobis mexuTedi, da es tendencia matulobs, Rebulobda pensiebs, romelTa 58% warmoadgens pensias xandazmulobis
gamo. xandazmulobis pensia dabalia: 38 lari
(daaxloebiT 17ˆ), rac sxvanairad SeiZleba warmovadginoT
rogorc saSualo xelfasis 13%. pensionerTa mesamedi,
romelsac exeba zemoTqmuli, cxovrobs ukidures siRaribeSi.
garda amisa, didia iseT adamianTa ricxvi, vinc
miaRwia ra sapensio asaks, kvlav ganagrZobs aqtivobas,
raTa moipovos raime Semosavali. mTels mosaxleobaSi,
romelic dasaqmebulia, 16%-s Seadgenen adamianebi, romlebmac
miaRwies sapensio asaks (GEPLAC 2006). Tu gavixsenebT,
rom sabWoTa dros pensiaze gasvlisas xandazmulobis
pensia Seesabameboda gansazRvrul odenobas _ anu
imis gauTvaliswineblad, Tu ramden xans grZeldeboda
adamianis profesiuli saqmianoba da rogori iyo misi
xelfasi _ amdenad Tanamedrove pensiebi savsebiT Seesabameba
wina reJimis egalitarul xedvas. Zalian frTxilad
xdeba karis gamoReba profesiuli karieris xangr-
Zlivobis gasaTvaliswineblad, magram am mcdelobebs adgili
aqvs martooden dedaqalaqis pensionerebis mimarT.
magram mTlianobaSi, xandazmulobis pensiebi kvlav rCeba
normirebuli da amiT winaaRmdegobaSi modis neo-liberalur
ekonomikur sistemasTan, romelic efuZneba meritokratiis
principebs. maSasadame, amJamad, saxelmwifo,
rogorc Cans, uars ambobs sapensio sistemis nebismier
siRrmiseul reformaze, reformaze, romelic gaxdeboda
meti, vidre marto socialuri reforma da Seexeboda TviT
socialur saxelmwifo struqturebs.
normirebuli iyo agreTve umuSevrobis daxmareba,
romelic moixsna 2006 wlis ivnisSi. amJamad sxva kategoria
ganagrZobs normirebuli daxmarebiT sargeblobas,
esenia devnilebi, romlebic Seadgenen qveynis mosaxleobis
meaTeds. miuxedavad amisa, TandaTanobiT qarTuli saxelmwifo
scildeba specifiuri kategoriebis moxazvas,
da upiratesobas aniWebs siRaribis gansazRvras individualur
doneze siRaribis donis mixedviT – arsebobs sami
done, romelTa Tavidan gansazRvra sistematurad xdeba saxelmwifos resursebisda mixedviT _ individebi sargebloben
ufaso samedicino momsaxurebiT, SeRavaTiani
sawvaviT, fuladi daxmarebebiT.
saxelmwifo daxmarebebi Seadgens, Tu samarTliani
viqnebiT, metad mcire namats saojaxo biujetisTvis da,
amave dros, TandaTanobiT izrdeba stigmatizirebuli ganwyobebis
ganmtkiceba RaribTa mimarT17. imisTvis, rom
moxdes gaRatakebis riskis da socialuri gariyulobis
acileba, metic, imisTvis rom ebrZolon siRaribes,
qarTvelebi iSvelieben Zalian uxvad Tavis didsulovnebas,
Tanacxovroben ramdenime TaobiT erT binaSi, romelic
`gadaurCa~ sabWoTa epoqas, maT agreTve SeuZliaT sasargeblo
kavSirebis ganmtkiceba da xazgasasmelia, rom aseTi
kavSirebis Seqmna maT xelewifebaT mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis
manZilze.
4. `paraleluri ekonomikidan~ `araformaluri
ekonomikisken~
qarTuli ekonomikis dangreva da masobrivi gaTavisufleba
samsaxuridan damoukideblobis miRebisTanave ai-
Zula mosaxleoba miemarTa savaWro aqtivobisken, raTa
gadarCeniliyo upirveles yovlisa samoqalaqo omis wleb-
Si (1991 - 1995) da Semdeg, raTa SeenarCunebinaT cxovrebis
gansazRvruli done. momxmareblebs, rasakvirvelia, sTavazobdnen
dabali xarisxis produqcias, magram es produqcia
misawvdomi iyo SezRuduli msyidvelobiTunarianobis
mqone xalxisTvis. mcire mewarmeoba waxalisebul iqna
institucionaluri reformebis garkveuli mcdelobebiT,
rogoric iyo Crdilovani ekonomikis legalizaciis departamentis
Seqmna ekonomikis saministrosTan, da politikuri
diskursis meSveobiT, romelic qadagebda sawarmoebis
da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, xels uwyobda gamxnevebas,
rac mogvianebiTac uaryofili ar yofila ` … yoveli sawarmo, romelic qmnis samuSao adgilebs,
saWiroebs mxardaWeras saxelmwifosgan. Cven gvWirdeba
is xalxi, vinc qmnis samuSao adgilebs – isini arian Cveni
da qveynis megobrebi. da me msurs SemoviRo axali jildo,
romliTac dajildovdebian isini, vinc daasaqmebs yvelaze
met adamians …~18
mcire movaWreebis saqmianobis gavrceleba Tanamedrove
saqarTveloSi ucxo da gansakuTrebuli ram ar iyo mTeli
postsabWoTa sivrcisTvis. maTi arseboba ar warmoadgens
raRac xelovnur gamogonebas. piriqiT, es saqmianobebi
Tavis sicocxlisunarianobas imtkicebdnen im cnobierebiT,
rom sabWoTa okupaciam xeli Seuwyo maT arsebobas.
mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi gavrcelebuli iyo `paraleluri~
praqtika:
`’Black’ and `’grey’ economies were significant parts of the
economy of shortage of Soviet systems. Popular images still
prevail of the illegal street selling in the Soviet union, or the
black market exchange of foreign currency.~ (Smith & Stenning
2006 :8) (“~Savi~ da ruxi~ ekonomika iyo mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli nawili sabWoTa deficituri sistemisa.
dResac Zlieria popularuli warmodgenebi sabWoTa periodSi
aralegaluri quCis vaWrobisa da ucxouri valutis
Savi bazris Sesaxeb~)
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saxeldobr pensionerebis SemTxvevaSi,
aseTi saqmianoba iZleoda saSualebas sagrZnoblad
gazrdiliyo cxovrebis done (Grossman 1991). agreTve, korufcia,
sxvadasxva doneze warmoadgenda saxelmwifo
sistemis nawils, magaliTad, personaluri wris, qselis
gamoyeneba Zalauflebis miRwevis mizniT, sxvadasxva `saCuqrebis~
mirTmeva gansazRvruli upiratesobis misaRebad
da sxva. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, romlis sasoflosameurneo
resursebi odesRac maRali reputaciiT sargeblobda
imdroindeli respublikis sazRvrebs gareT, is
axorcielebda Rvinisa da sasursaTo produqtis mniSvnelovan
komercias saxelmwifos gareT. magram paraleluri
ekonomika (shadow economy, second economy) damaxasiaTebeli iyo agreTve ekonomikis sxva ganxrebisTvisac,
rogoricaa vaWroba da transporti. am mxriv is pasuxobda
daukmayofilebel moTxovnas produqciaze da kargi
xarisxis momsaxureobaze (Mars & Altman 1987 a et b).
cxovrebis done, ufro maRali saqarTveloSi im dros,
vidre sabWoTa kavSiris sxva respublikebSi, zogadad ukav-
Sirdeba qarTuli shadow economy-s sicocxlisunarianobas
sabWoTa epoqaSi.
sabWoTa epoqaSi paraleluri aqtivobebi da praqtikebi
gaxda gansakuTrebiT dauZleveli siRaribis ekonomikisTvis.
es iyo, erTgvarad, politikurad araswori pasuxi,
magram amasTan tolerantuli im winaaRmdegobebis
mimarT, romelic warmoiSva qonebis biurokratiuli gadanawilebisas
da xels uwyobda sabazro urTierTobebis
damkvidrebasa da sakuTrebis uflebebis eqspansias socialisturi
sawarmos wiaRSi (Stark 1989).
Sedegad, post-sabWoTa qveynebis sabazro ekonomikaSi
xdeba gadasvla paraleluri ekonomikidan araformaluri
tipis ekonomikaze. ekonomikis es ori tipi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba Tvisebrivi TvalsazrisiT, rac aixsneba im
principebis gansxvavebiT, romlebiTac isini xelmZRvaneloben
(Campos 2006, Sik, 1992, Turmanidze 2000). Cndeba ra
saqonelze daukmayofilebeli moTxovnis arsebobis Sedegs,
Tanamedrove araformaluri ekonomika gverds uvlis
kanonmdeblobas, raTa SesTavazos saqoneli da momsaxureba,
romelic pasuxobs mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebsa
da msyidvelunarianobas, Tumca mudmivad bazris Sesabamisad.
am TvalsazrisiT, aramyarma aqtivobebma Sei-
Zleba moaxdinon zewola qvevidan im aqtivobebze, romelic
registrirebulia19. im pirobebSi, rodesac sakuTrebis
uflebebi ar aris sakmarisad daculi, ekonomikur aqtorebs
arasakmarisi ndoba aqvT saxelmwifo institutebis
mimarT. (sumbaZe 2006) _ ori momenti, romelic gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuria dRevandel saqarTveloSi. da
magaliTis saxiT - jandacvis samsaxurebis momxmareblebi
ar icnoben sakmarisad Tavis uflebebs, da praqtikebi, romelic legalurobis zRvarzea, mSvenierad xorcieldeba
kanonis arsebobis pirobebSi. arsebobs riski, rom
gamwvavdes uTanasworoba da daiwyos `ekonomikuri involuciis~
procesi (Burawoy 1996). aqedan ki gamomdinareobs
socialuri kavSirebis mniSvneloba, romelTa mobilizeba
SeiZleba aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi.
5. socialuri kavSirebis mniSvneloba
rogorc msoflios sxva nawilebSi, araformaluri
tipis praqtikebi Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi ikvebeba maT
mier sakuTari adgilis povniT sazogadoebaSi. sxva sityvebiT,
Tu praqtikebi, romelic a priore ewinaaRmdegeba
`oficialur~ ekonomikas, SeiZleba SenarCundnen, es xdeba
imitom, rom isini eyrdnoba socialur qselebs, kav-
Sirebs, romlebic potenciurad momtania rogorc materialuri,
ise aramaterialuri upiratesobebisa. es qselebi
ixlarTeba viTarebis mixedviT da wuTieri moTxovnis
Sesabamisad. am TvalsazrisiT adamianebi miyvebian tradicias,
romlis bevri magaliTia sabWoTa warsulSi.
cnobilia socialuri qselebis mniSvneloba sabWoTa
reJimisTvis, rogorc instrumentebisa, romlebic anelebdnen
ekonomikur da socialur daZabulobebs. amave dros
es iyo imdroindeli reJimis opoziciis kerebi20. da gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo es sabWoTa saqarTvelos-
Tvis, sadac socialuri struqturebi, romlebic dadaRulni
arian erTgvari Rirsebis kodiT, romelic aiZulebs
maT gamudmebiT amtkicon Tavisi Rirebuleba. aseT
magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT stumarTmoyvareoba da
xelgaSliloba, rac vlindeba sufraze21. sabWoTa sistema
Tavisi centralizebulad mowyobili ierarqiiT iwvevda
winaaRmdegobebs sazogadoebaSi, romelic naTesaurobas
(axloblobas) ganixilavs rogorc moralur movaleobas,
sazogadoebaSi, sadac urTierTobebi personalizebulia
da sadac formaluri struqturebi `adaptirebulia~, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi gamoyeneba pirovnuli da ojaxuri
mizniT (Mars & Altman 1987 a et b). danaxuli am kuTxiT,
`sasargeblo~ kavSirebis qseli warmoadgenda umniSvnelovanes
resurss.
es kavSirebi kidev ufro aucilebelia sabazro ekonomikaSi,
sadac koleqtivi sul ufro da ufro naklebad icavs
individs, sadac am ukanasknels miT ufro advilad emuqreba
gariyuloba, radgan sabanko angariSi ufro mniSvnelovania,
vidre warsuli. aseTi kavSirebis sikeTe ufro
warmoCinda saqarTveloSi oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi: aseTi
kavSirebi mniSvnelovnad amcireben ojaxebis mowyvladobas,
xels uwyoben momaragebas sakvebiT, saSualebas
iZlevian gaumjobesdes sabinao pirobebi da uzrunvelyofen,
ufro zogadad, garkveul ekonomikur usafrTxoebas
(Dershem 1998). isini gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa martoxela
pensionerisTvis an marCenals moklebuli ojaxebisTvis.
am jgufebisTvis, socialuri kavSirebi warmoadgenen
socialur kapitals, romelic saSualebas iZleva
dacul iqnas kapitalis sxva formebi _ muSa xeli miwis
nakveTis dasamuSaveblad, samuSao iaraRebi, finansuri
subsidiebi _ da mopovebul iqnas esa Tu is sasargeblo
informacia.
zogadad SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom patar-patara saqmianobebi
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Tavis sicocxlisunarianobas
inarCuneben Zlieri personaluri kavSirebis
wyalobiT, romelic saSualebas iZleva, magaliTad, Segrovdes
sastarto kapitali patara komerciisTvis, moinaxon
mommarageblebi, romlebic ndobas imsaxureben da
momxmareblebi, romlebic mzad arian daicvan savaWro
TamaSis wesebi. es kavSirebi, amasTanave, SeiZleba gaxdes
sasargeblo, rodesac saqme exeba produqtebiT momaragebas,
fulis ukmarisobisas, gasaTbobad gazis Rirebulebis
Semcirebas22, bavSvebis mibarebas iseT skolaSi, romelic
a priori gankuTvnilia SedarebiT daxuruli wrisTvis,
da bolos, ubralod maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdes
mkurnaloba individumarTlac,
jandacvis sferoSi, Tu adamians surs Tavidan
aicilos TviTmkurnaloba, gadawyvetileba xorcieldeba
ise, rom telefoniT ekiTxebian konsultacias eqims,
romelic sargeblobs ojaxis ndobiT23; gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevebSi cdilobdnen sakiTxis mogvarebas ase: ayalbeben
paTologiis diagnostikas, daavadebas aformeben
iseTi saxelwodebiT, risTvisac pacients mkurnalobisTvis
minimaluri fasis gadaxda mouwevs.
globalizaciis konteqstSi, im kavSirebis buneba,
romelTa mobilizeba SeiZleba aucileblobis SemTxveva-
Si, agreTve icvleba. imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes
Rirseuli cxovrebis SenarCuneba, yvelaze didi mniSvneloba
dRes SeiZina saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxvagan, informaciis
misawvdomobam da axalma codnam. Zalauflebis
wyaroebi, prestiJi, simdidre da privilegiebi TandaTanobiT
damokidebuli xdeba siaxloveze politikuri gadawyvetilebis
centrebTan, rogorc amas hqonda adgili sab-
WoTa reJimis dros. imisTvis, rom gaxde `mompovebelTa~
nawili im sinamdvileSi, romelic xasiaTdeba dRemde arnaxuli
ekonomikuri da socialuri cvlilebebiT, Zalian
momgebiania flobde codnas, kompetencias, romelic Seesabameba
sabazro ekonomikas da codnis sazogadoebas (Eyal
da al. 2000). maSasadame, maSin, rodesac ekonomikuri kapitalis
floba iZleva SesaZleblobas moxvde socialuri
ierarqiis SuagulSi, saqarTveloSi TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg
mniSvnelovania, iseve rogorc sxva postkomunistur
qveynebSi, specifiuri kulturuli kapitali, sasargeblo
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.
es gamoixateba imaSi, rom swavloben inglisurs da
informatikul xelsawyos _ kompiuters, es orive iZleva
saSualebas SeaRwio axal informaciul sivrceSi (musxeliSvili
2007). raTa gamoiyeno es kulturuli kapitali,
aucilebelia icnobde pirovnebebs, romelTac Seu-
ZliaT gaaRon iseTi sawarmoebis (dawesebulebebis) karebi,
romelTac kontaqti aqvT ucxoeTTan, ucxouri fondebis
warmomadgenlebTan da saerTaSoriso gaqanebis NGO Tan. Tu SevxedavT am kuTxiT, ixateba ganawilebis axali
xazi, romelic erTmaneTisgan mijnavs maT, visac aqvs gasavali
gare samyaroSi, imaTgan, vinc amas moklebulia. interesi,
romelsac iwvevs msjeloba evropis samezoblo
politikaze momdinareobs agreTve aqedan.
* * *
wlebma, romelic saqarTvelom gaiara damoukideblobis
Semdeg, Rrmad Secvales Sromis sfero, da amasTanave
socialuri zomebi mSromelebsa da umuSevarTa mimarT.
sabWoTa reJimis dros samuSao iZleoda cxovrebis gansazRvrul
dones, romelic met-naklebad misaRebi iyo,
Tanac arc imdenad uSlida xels miswrafebebs materialuri
keTildReobisken, miswrafebebs, romlebsac Sei-
Zleba xeli SeewyoT `paraleluri~ ekonomikisTvis, im
proporciiT, romelic mWidrod efardeboda arsebul
sasargeblo kavSirebs. socialur planSi, samuSao saSualebas
iZleoda identurobis Camoyalibebisa, is iyo erTgvari
Tanacxovrebis kera (rasakvirvelia organizebuli
ierarqiis mixedviT!), iZleoda darwmunebulobis gancdas
drosTan mimarTebaSi _ samuSaos `Semdeg~ da `uimisod~.
mokled, saboloo jamSi, samuSao (Sroma) iyo garanti
erTgvari socialuri CarTulobisa, maSinac ki, Tu moqmedebdnen
centridanuli Zalebi, romlebic individebs
aiZulebdnen sul ufro da ufro moexdinaT sakuTari Tavis
realizacia pirad cxovrebaSi (Shlapentokh 1989).
gadasvlam sabazro ekonomikaze gaaqarwyla yovelive
is, rasac SeiZleba erTgvari darwmunebulobis ieri hqonoda.
im samyaroSi, romelic imarTeba sabazro kanonebiT,
uTanasworobis SeqmniT da gariyulobiT, unda amoqmeddes
sxva meqanizmebi, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnas Rirseuli
cxovrebis done, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli socialuri
deklasireba. es aris sabazro logika, romelic
dominirebs, logika, romelic gulisxmobs individu aluri aqtorebis CarTvas, romelTac ZaluZT Seqmnan
Tavisi sakuTari saqme da SeuZliaT TviTon daicvan Tavi
mTlianad im riskebisgan, romelic SeiZleba Tavs daatydes
rogorc mas, ise mis axloblebs.
saxelmwifomac iwvnia Tavisi kompetenciebis Secvla.
is zrunavs imaze, rom neo-liberaluri TamaSis wesebi
kidev ufro damkvidrdes ekonomikur sferoSi da amisaTvis
axorcielebs uprecedento sakanonmdeblo aqtivobas.
rac Seexeba socialur problemebs, is sul ufro
da ufro Tavidan icilebs mzrunvelobis movaleobebs da
amiT amwvavebs dapirispirebas erTi mxriv, sabazro
logikasa da meore mxriv, mzrunvelobiT logikas Soris
(Althabe 2003). rac Seexeba erovnul solidarobas, romlis
erTaderTi garanti SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo, mas
is axorcielebs mxolod “morCenis principiT~: unda icxovro
ukidures siRaribeSi, raTa raime daxmareba miiRo,
amasTan es daxmareba aRiqva rogorc saCuqari. da, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
dRevandel mocemulobas, eqvsidan erTi
qarTveli am mdgomareobaSia da xSirad es exeba
pirovnebas, romelmac miaRwia pensiis Teoriul asaks!
maSin, roca saxelmwifo moqmedebs araefeqturad gadanawilebaSi,
is amkvidrebs uTanasworobas, imdenad, ramdenadac
is gamodis neo-liberaluri politikis gatarebidan.
gamoricxa ra solidaroba Tavisi moqmedebis velidan,
saxelmwifo TandaTanobiT kargavs Tavis legitimurobas
mosaxleobis TvalSi da masTan erTad legitimurobas
kargavs misdami daqvemdebarebuli yvela instituti.
aseTi viTareba dRes iwvevs individis mxridan Caketvas
kerZo sferoSi, religiaSi, `axladSeqmnil tradiciaSi~
an gasvlas qveynis `gareT~, romelsac gadaWarbebuli Rirebuleba
eniWeba da romelzedac ocnebobs bevri axalgazrda
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